1 2 3 70 30 4 5 6 http://ulocal.ksbw.com/ = I 7 8 9
III III II (10 12 m -2 ) (kg m -2 yr -1 ) (kg yr -1 ) (kg m -2 ) 332 0.13 43.2 x 10 12 0.003 (10 12 m -2 ) (kg m -2 yr -1 ) (kg yr -1 ) (kg m -2 ) 332 0.13 43.2 x 10 12 0.003 0.4 0.5 0.2 x 10 12 0.02 0.4 0.5 0.2 x 10 12 0.02 27 0.3 8.1 x 10 12 0.001 27 0.3 8.1 x 10 12 0.001 0.6 2.5 1.5 x 10 12 2 1.4 1.5 2.1x 10 12 1 0.6 2.5 1.5 x 10 12 2 1.4 1.5 2.1x 10 12 1 361 0.16 57.7x 10 12 0.01 361 0.16 57.7x 10 12 0.01 149 0.78 116.2 x 10 12 12.2 149 0.78 116.2 x 10 12 12.2 10 11 12 II 400 700nm 100 100m 1 3 1 2 4 IV V 13 14 15 I 0.1mm Fig. 3.10 A scanning electron micrograph of a centric diatom, Asteromphalus heptacles. 10 Fig. 3.9 Scanning electron micrograph of Thalassiosira, a coastal diatom, clearly showing the epitheca, hypotheca, and a connecting girdle of cell wall material. : Coscinodiscus 16 17 18
0.3mm 0.3mm Fig. 3.16 Scanning electron micrographs of some common marine dinoflagellates: (a) Gonyaulax polygramma, (b) Dinophysis rapa, (c) Gonyaulax sp., and (d) Ceratochoris horrida. All are 10-100 microns in diameter. : Chaetoceros : Thalassiothrix 2,000 19 20 21 0.1mm 0.3mm : Gymnodinium : Ceratium : Ceratium 22 23 24 IX 6C 2 + 12H 2 C 6 H 12 6 + 6 2 + 6H 2 2 V II II 20µm 25 26 27
X II 2HC 3 - + Ca 2+ CaC 3 + H 2 + C 2 2 V 20µm II 28 29 30 6C 2 + 12H 2 C 6 H 12 6 + 6 2 + 6H 2 0 N PSi, DNA, RNA, ATP, etc. Phytoplankton can grow explosively over a few days or weeks. This pair of satellite images shows a bloom that formed east of New Zealand between ctober 11 and ctober 25, 2009. (NASA images by Robert Simmon and Jesse Allen, based on MDIS data.) http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/phytoplankton/ 31 Phytoplankton can grow explosively over a few days or weeks. This pair of satellite images shows a bloom that formed east of New Zealand between ctober 11 and ctober 25, 2009. (NASA images by Robert Simmon and Jesse Allen, based on MDIS data.) http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/phytoplankton/ 32 33 11-year averages of the surface chl-a (mg m -3 ) observed by the SeaWiFS Satellite. 11-year averages of the surface chl-a (mg m -3 ) observed by the SeaWiFS Satellite. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/phytoplankton/ 34 35 36
http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/c5/woa13f/index.html 37 http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/c5/woa13f/index.html 38 http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/c5/woa13f/index.html 39 Figure'14.08:'Loca2on'of'world's'major'commercial'fisheries'and'the'tonnage' (in'millions)'of'the'total'fish'catch'for'2002. IX Figure'14.08:'Loca2on'of'world's'major'commercial'fisheries'and'the'tonnage' (in'millions)'of'the'total'fish'catch'for'2002. IX II 40 41 42 6C + 12H C 2 2 6 H 12 6 + 6 2 + 6H 2 II II II 43 44 45
Ventilation (upwelling) C2 2 C2 C2 2 2HC 3 - + Ca 2+ CaC 3 + H 2 + C 2 II 46 47 48 XI C2 C2 2 Fig. 3.37 Principal regions of coastal upwelling (blue) and down-current areas of increased primary productivity (green). Figure'06.16B:'(b)'This'model'portrays'the'exchange'of'surface'and'deep'water'across'the'ocean'basins'as'a'conveyor'belt. 49 50 51 C2 C2 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 Surface ocean Deep ocean Bacteria Large phytoplankton Small phytoplankton Bacteria Deep consumers rganic carbon Zooplankton Microzooplankton C 2 Deep water formation C2 ~ 3,700 m ~ 100 m Sea floor Chisholm (2000) Nature 407: 685-687 52 53 54
諏訪ら 2010 海の研究19(1) 55 藤井 石田 2013 海洋と生物 207 56 57 炭酸カルシウムの溶解度の変化予測 プランクトンだけでなく 石灰質をもつ生物が影響を受ける I Ruttimann (2006) Nature Digest, ctober 3, p16-19 産業革命以前のpHは8.17 現在は8.05程度まで低下 温度はpHに影響しないが 炭酸カルシウムは低温 高圧 で溶解度が高い 極域で強く影響でると予測 写真 Discover Blue 写真 Discover Blue http://www.cmarz.org/galleries.html http://www.cger.nies.go.jp/ja/library/qa/6/6-1/qa_6-1-j.html 58 炭酸カルシウムの溶解度の変化予測 産業革命以前のpHは8.17 現在は8.05程度まで低下 温度はpHに影響しないが 炭酸カルシウムは低温 高圧 で溶解度が高い 極域で強く影響でると予測 61 59 60