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(1) a. Mary painted the wall green. [resultative b. The boy broke the vase to pieces. c. She polished the mirror to a brilliant shine. d. He pushed the door open. e. He started shaking her awake with one hand. f. He knocked Mike down, too. g. I could kick him to death. ( ) h. I { shot / knifed } the bear to death. cf. (i) I {shot /*knifed } the bear dead. (ii)*i shot at the bear dead. i. Jane was burned brown by the sun. j. He pounded the metal flat. k. Grandpa kissed my nose wet. l. The clock ticked the baby awake. m. The planes flew the ozone layer thin. n. He drank *(himself) into a stupor. o. The lecturer talked himself hoarse. p. The stained glass broke { to pieces /*worthless }. q. She ran her sneakers ragged. r. The joggers ran the pavement thin. s.*he ran breathless. (* ) (2) [ or ( ) (3) a. He drove drunk. [depictive b. I ate the oyster raw. c. They returned home tired. d. She became a doctor young. e. Bill looks slim naked. f. He sounds intelligent drunk. g. It tastes bitter raw. h. He dropped the tray full. i. He drinks his coffee black. 1

(4) a. We hammered the metal flat hot. b.*we hammered the metal hot flat. (5) a. They painted the house red unsanded. b.*they painted the house unsanded red. (6) a. John eats meat raw drunk. b.*john eats meat drunk raw. (7) The men twirled the ballerinas dizzy. a. b. c. d. (8) a.*john [painted the house red, and Mill did so green. [resultative b. John [ate the fish raw, but I did so cooked. [depictive c. John walked into the meeting drunk, but Bill did so sober. d. John ate the dinner nude, and I did so fully dressed. (9) a. John said he would eat the meat nude, and eat the meat nude he did. b. Eat the meat nude though John did, nobody thought he was crazy. c. What John did was eat the meat nude. (1) a. The boy broke the vase to pieces. b. Mary tinted her hair blonde. c. She polished the mirror shiny clean. (2) a.*john loves Mary happy. b.*the man touched the dog angry. (3) a. break: to (cause to) separate into parts suddenly or violently. [LDCE b. tint: to give a slight or delicate colour to (the hair). [LDCE c. polish: to make sth smooth and shiny by rubbing it with a piece of fabric, often with polish on it [OALD (4) a. love: to feel love, desire, or strong friendship (for) [LDCE b. touch: to feel with a part of the body, especially the hands or fingers [LDCE (5) a. The saucepan burned dry. ( cf. The cook burned the saucepan dry.) b. The jelly froze solid. ( cf. She froze the jelly solid.) c. The liquid froze solid into a crusty mass. d. The window broke to pieces. ( cf. They broke the window to pieces.) e. The butter melted to a liquid. 2

f. The antique vase shattered into a million pieces. g. John hammered the metal flat. h. He was knocked senseless by the blow. i. The two rooms had been knocked into one (= the wall between them had been knocked down). j. Mary wiped the table clean and dry. k. He pounded the dough flat into a pancake-like state. (6) a.*the guests arrived sick. [resultative b.*john came to my house breathless. [resultative (7) a. burn: to be destroyed by fire or destroy something with fire [LDCE b. freeze: if a liquid freezes, or something freezes it, it becomes hard and solid because the temperature is very [LDCE c. break: to be damaged and separated into two or more parts, as a result of force [OALD d. shatter: to suddenly break into small pieces [OALD & LDCE e. knock: to put sb/sth into a particular state by hitting them/it [OALD f. hammer: to beat into a shape with or as if with a hammer [The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,Third Edition to shape or ornament (metal or a metal object) by controlled and repeated blows of a hammer [Webster s Unabridged Dictionary 3.0 g. wipe: to rub a surface with a cloth, etc. in order to clean it [OALD (8) a. arrive: to get to a place, especially at the end of a journey to get to a place [OALD (9) b. come: to move to or towards a person or place [OALD A. < bark, breathe, cough, cry, crawl, dance, frown, hiccough (hiccup), jog, laugh, play, quarrel, run, shout, smile, sneeze, speak, swim, talk, walk, weep, work B. < < hit, kick, knock, pound, praise, scold, reprimand, scrub, wipe C. < ( < ) < ( < (or ) ) ( ) a. assassinate, cut, destroy, exterminate, kill, put, throw, break (the glass to bits/to pieces / into tiny pieces/into smithereens( ); piggy bank open), shatter (into a million pieces), split (open), tear (to pieces), cut (the melon into small pieces/into halves; the envelope open), bend (the wire into a U/into a ring), fold 3

(the paper into four/into the figure of a crane; the door shut), dye (the dress blue/a very pale shade of blue), paint (the fence green/red), stain( ) (the wood yellow / dark brown), bake (the potatoes to a crisp), boil (the egg hard / soft; the pot dry), burn (the toast to a cinder( ); the house to ashes; The saucepan burned dry.), fry (the potatoes to a crisp), dry (The clothes dried wrinkled.), freeze (solid/ stiff( ) /rigid( )), polish (the mirror clean / to a brilliant shine), collapse( ) (into a pile of dust), decrease (to ten), divide (into halves / into two), fade (The color faded to a lifeless gray); melt to a liquid b. pound the metal flat, shoot the man dead, kick/hit the door open, pull the drawer open, push the door shut, swing the door open, fling the door open, bang the door shut, squeeze his eyes tight shut, wipe the counter clean, shake / kick him awake c. shout / talk / cry oneself hoarse, sing / read a child to sleep, sleep himself sober, bark him awake, work oneself to death, run oneself out of breath, walk oneself into a state of exhaustion, run the soles off his shoes, cry one's eyes out, cry oneself to sleep (10) polish: <x y <y <y shiny clean etc. (11)a. freeze: [ y BECOME [ [ y BE AT- [ SOLID b. melt: [ y BECOME [ [ y BE AT- [ LIQUID c. shatter: [ y BECOME [ [ y BE AT- [ SMALL PIECES (12) ( (11) (13) a. The vase broke { to pieces /*flat /*worthless }. b. We ve painted the bedroom { blue /*to pieces /*to shiny clean /*hoarse}. (14) a. He hammered the metal { flat / smooth / shiny }. b.* He hammered the metal { happy / beautiful / ugly / dangerous / safe /angry }. (15) a. b. * ( ) (16) a. { /* /* } (The antique vase shattered into a million pieces.) b. { /* } c. { / /* } (17) a. 4

b. (18) a.* b.* (19) a. b. (20) a.* b.* (1) a. The man froze to death. b. The man was burned to death in the fire. c. The gardener watered the tulips flat. d. John boiled the lobster red. e. He { froze / burned / bled } to death. < < < to death f. Jesse shot him dead. cf. *Jesse shot at him dead. g.*jesse knifed him dead. h. Jesse { knifed / shot } him to death. (2) a.*the painter died famous. b.*mary tinted her hair short. c.*john came to my house breathless. (3) die: [ y BECOME [ [ y BE AT- [ NOT ALIVE (4) ( ) a. How flat did John hammer the metal? b. How clean did Mary wipe the table? c.??/*how flat did the gardener water the tulips? d.??/*how red did you boil the lobster? e. A: Let s water these plants flat to see how long it will take them to get straight on their own. B: Okay, but I m not going to water the lilies flat to the ground because I don t want to drown them. A: That s all right. How flat should I water the tulips? cf. (i) I am going to boil my lobster medium red. How red do you want me to boil 5

yours. (ii) a.*how raw did you eat the meat? b. How rare do you usually eat your steaks? (iii) a.*how fresh did you drink the milk? b. How fresh can we buy vegetable (at Wilson Farm)? c. How fresh can you buy fish at Legal Sea Foods? (iv) a.*how flat did you drink the beer? b.??/*how flat did the gardener water the tulips? c. How flat should I roll the dough? d. How thin should I roll the dough? (v) a. We drank the keg dry. b.*how dry did you drink the keg? (vi) a. We knocked him out cold. b.*how cold did you knock him out? (vii) a.?/??/*how healthy did John leave the hospital? b. If you recall that John entered the hospital weak and exhausted, and if you have seen how healthy and strong he left the hospital this morning, you have to be thankful for what the doctors have done for him. (viii) a.*how nude did John eat the meat? b.*how angry did John leave the room? c.(?)how drunk did John come home last night? d.(?)how drunk did John leave the party last night? (ix) A: John comes home extremely angry at the people that he works with on days when he is busy. B: How angry does he come home on Friday? (x) Functional Constraint on Wh-Extraction of Predicative Aps: Wh-extraction of predicative Aps is acceptable to the extend that the hearer can reconstruct the V... AP pattern upon hearing the V. (Kuno & Takami 1993: 69) (1) a. Mary { sprayed / smeared } the wall with paint. ( (8) ) b. Mary { sprayed / smeared } paint on the wall. cf. (i) a. Bees were swarming in the garden. < < 6

b. The garden was swarming with bees. < < (ii) a. Fish { abound / are abundant } in the lake. b. This lake { abounds / is abundant } with fish. (iii) a. Stars are { blazing / ablaze } in the sky. b. The sky is { blazing / ablaze } wit stars. (2) a. John cleared the dishes from the table. b. John cleared the table of the dishes. cf. (i) a. John wiped his fingerprints off the door. b. John wiped the door (*of his fingerprints). (2) a. The hunter shot the tiger dead. b.*the hunter shot at the tiger dead. (3) a. John loaded the wagon (full) with hay. b.*john loaded hay into the wagon full. cf. (i) a. John poured water into the vase. b.*john poured the vase with water. (ii) a. John filled a glass with water. b.*john filled water into a glass. (4) a. John loaded the wagon with hay. [holistic interpretation b. John loaded hay into the wagon. [partitive interpretation (5) a.?*john loaded the truck with some books. b. John loaded some books onto the truck. (6) a.they loaded the truck with { boxes /*a box }. b. They loaded { a box / boxes } onto the truck. (7) a.* [ b. (8) a.*john smeared the wall with paint, but most of the wall didn t get any paint on it. b. John smeared paint on the wall, but most of the wall didn t get any paint on it. cf. (i) a. Bees are swarming in the garden, but most of the garden has no bees in it. b.*the garden is swarming with bees, but most of the garden has no bees in it. (ii) a. Lesley sprayed the fire with water. Most of the fire didn t get any water on it (and so it didn t go out). [ b. Lesley sprayed water on the fire. Most of the fire didn t get any water on it (and so it didn t go out). (9) a. He loaded up the wagon with the goods. b.*he loaded up the goods onto the wagon. 7

(10) a. They splattered up the floor with water. b.*they splattered up water on the floor. cf. (i) a. He drained the pond of water. b. He drained the water out of the pond. drain: to make sth empty or dry by removing all the liquid from it (ii) a. Drain the tank (out). b. Drain the water (out). (11) a.?the hunter shot the tiger, but/and missed it. a. The hunter shot at the tiger, but/and missed it. b..?the hunter shot the tiger, and/but only wounded it. c. The hunter shot at the tiger, and/but only wounded it. d.??the hunter shot the tiger, but it died. d. The hunter shot at the tiger, and it died. (12) a. The gardener watered the tulips flat. [ b.* The gardener watered the tulips droopy. [ c.? The gardener watered the tulips wet. (13) a. The hunter shot the tiger dead. b.?the hunter shot the tiger wounded. (14) a. John heated the coffee hot. b.*john heated the coffee tepid. (1) a. They danced themselves tired. [fake object b. The lecturer talked himself hoarse. c. Dora shouted herself hoarse. d. She laughed herself into a fit of coughing. e. The baby cried herself to sleep. (2) a. She cried her eyes out. b. He ran his Nikes threadbare. (Carrier & Randall 1992) c. The dog barked them awake. d. The clock ticked the baby awake. e. You shouldn t let him talk. He will talk your ear off. f. The joggers ran the pavement thin. g. Sleep your wrinkles away. (Levin & Rappaport Hovav 1995: 36) h. They drank the teapot dry. (Levin & Rappaport Hovav 1995: 37) i. Drive your engine clean. (Levin & Rappaport Hovav 1995: 37) 8

j. She sang her child to sleep. (3) a.*they danced tired. /*They danced themselves. b.*the lecturer talked hoarse. /*The lecturer talked himself. (4) a. [The dog barked CAUSE [the children awake. b. < CAUSE < < The dog barked the children awake [become (get) (5) < CAUSE < < She sang her child to sleep. (6) a. < CAUSE < < *Bill talked hoarse. b. < CAUSE < < Bill talked himself hoarse. (7) a. The girl cried herself to sleep. b. I locked myself in my room and cried my eyes out. (Allsop Summer-blue Eyes ) c. The children laughed themselves silly. d. You shouldn t let him talk. He will talk your ear off. e. The joggers ran the pavement thin. (Carrier & Randall 1992) cf. (i) I was bored [ADV to death. (ii) He talked himself (until he is) [blue in the face. (8) a.*the window broke itself to pieces. [ b.*the window broke the children awake. c.*the lake froze the fish to death. (9) a. She shook her husband awake. [ b. He { kicked / pushed } the door open. c. She pounded the meat flat. d. < CAUSE < < She shook her husband CAUSE her husband awake (10) a. The earthquake shook the building apart. b. The jackhammer pounded us deaf. c. The alarm clock ticked the baby awake. (11) a.*the feather tickled her silly. ( cf. His beard was tickling her cheek.) b.*the hammer pounded the metal flat. (Goldberg 1995: 193) 9

cf. He pounded the metal flat with the hammer. (12) a. He kicked the dog away. [ b. He slept the afternoon away. [ They talked the night away. (13) a. He pushed the door open and went in. [ cf. He pushed the door { wide / halfway } open. b. He [pushed open the door and went in. [ cf. *He pushed { wide / halfway } open the door (14) a. He cut the tree down. / He [cut down the tree. b. He drained the glass dry. / He [drained dry the glass. (Bolinger 1971: 83) (15) a. She shook her husband awake. /*She [shook awake her husband. b. She cried her eyes { out / dry }. /*She [cried { out / dry } her eyes. (16) CAUSE a. The dog barked the children awake. b. She shook Xi her husbandi awake. (17) a.*medusa saw the hero into stone. (Simpson 1983: 146) b.*a big earthquake occurred many buildings apart. c.*a monster appeared the children away. cf. In the last Star Trek episode, there was a woman who could think people into a different galaxy. (18) a. I used my pocketknife to cut him loose (from his bonds). b. I cut (the rope) him loose. < CAUSE < < (19) a. Frank sneezed the napkin off the table. b. The audience laughed the poor guy off the stage. c. I smoked one cigarette, shaking it out of the pack. d. He wiped the dirt off. e. I brushed some sand off me. f. Tony pushed the unworthy thought from his mind. g. I wiped popcorn salt from my palms. h. He knocked it off a low branch with a heavy short stick that he threw like a boomerang. i. At night she rubbed the calluses off her heels carefully with a pumice stone. 10

j. He washed the soap out of his eyes. k. He shaved his hair off. (20) a. He threw the rock hard. b.?*he threw the rock over the fence hard. (21) a. She pushed the cart hard. b.?*she pushed the cart to the supermarket hard. (22) a. He threw the rock hard over the fence. a. She pushed the cart hard to the supermarket. ( ) ( ) ( ) 11