1. 2. 3. 4. 3.2 1. 2. 3. 4 4.1 1. σ f n λ f λ f = 1 nσ f. (4.1) 2. E n, m 1 generation,t g v t g = λ f v = 1 (4.2) vnσ f E = 1 2 mv2 2E v = m t g = 1

2003.3.14 1 nuclear weapon 2 1942 1942 1943 1945.7.15 8. 6 8. 9 2 3 3.1 239, 1

1. 2. 3. 4. 3.2 1. 2. 3. 4 4.1 1. σ f n λ f λ f = 1 nσ f. (4.1) 2. E n, m 1 generation,t g v t g = λ f v = 1 (4.2) vnσ f E = 1 2 mv2 2E v = m t g = 1 m nσ f 2E. (4.3) 2

3. t N(t) 1 f, l 1 {N(t) (f l) N(t)} (f l 1) x, dn(t) dt N(t)x t g N(t) = N 0 exp( xt t g ) (4.4) N 0 N(t) (t/t g n) (4.4) N(n g )=N 0 exp(xn g ) (4.5) 4. ρ =18.7g/cm 3, E = 2MeV 235 σ f =1.4 barn(1 barn = 10 24 cm 2 ) n = 18.7g/cm3 (6 10 23 )=0.477 10 23 cm 3, (4.6) 235g 1 λ f = (0.477 10 23 1/cm 3 ) (1.4 10 24 cm 2 ) = 14.97 cm, (4.7) 2E v = c mc =0.065c =0.195 2 1010 cm/s, (4.8) 14.97 cm t g =.195 10 10 cm/s =0.768 10 8 s. (4.9) f =2.5,l=0.5 x =1.0 4.4 N(n g )=N 0 exp( n g ). (4.10) 5. s N(s) N 0 =1 N(s) e N(s) = e + e 2 + + e s, = e(es 1), (e =2.718) (4.11) e 1 1kg 235 U 1kg 235g 6 1023 nuclei 2.56 10 24 nuclei (4.12) 3

235 U 60kg 60kg 235 U s =60 N(s = 60) = 1.79 10 26 (4.13) s =60 t explosion t explosion 0.768 10 8 s 60 = 46.08 10 8 s 0.46µs. (4.14) N(n g = 55) = exp(55) = 7.65 10 23, (4.15) N(n g = 56) = exp(56) = 2.08 10 24, (4.16) N(n g = 57) = exp(57) = 5.65 10 24, (4.17) N(n g = 58) = exp(58) = 1.54 10 25, (4.18) N(n g = 59) = exp(59) = 4.18 10 25, (4.19) N(n g = 60) = exp(60) = 1.13 10 26. (4.20) 99.9% 20 15000 TNT 1 TNT 4.2 3 2 critical mass 1. 2. 3. 4

1 1: cm kg 235 49 235 10 14 235 10 18 239 12.5 239 5.2 5.4 239 32 2.5 239 5 6.4 239 24 4.4 ( 1 1 f 1 (f 1) 1/(f 1) σ f r σ f r 1/(f 1) 5

n r cr σ f r cr n 1 f 1. (4.21) A ρ, N a r cr m cr r cr 1 nσ f (f 1) = A n a σ f (f 1)ρ, (4.22) m cr 4πr3 cr 3 ρ = 4π 3 ( A N a ) 3 1 σ 3 f (f 1)3 ρ 2 (4.23) 2 MeV 235 239. 1. 235 U:ρ =19.04g/cm 3,f =2.5, σ f =1.4 barn r cr 9.76 cm, m cr 74.1 kg, (4.24) 2. 239 Pu:ρ =19.8g/cm 3,f =3.0, σ f =2.2 barn r cr 4.54 cm, m cr 7.8 kg, (4.25) 1, σ f f 2 4 1 4.3 1. 2. 3. 4.4 ; 1 6

1 2 2 2 (predetonation 4.4.1 2000 2 4.4.2 gun-burrel type 2 100 1940 900m 1cm 1 1 100 1 100 7

initiator 1 1 138.4 ( 210 Po) [ 9 Be(α, n) 12 C] 2 1000 1 2.7 2.7 7 7 [ 9 Be(γ,n) 8 Be] 1 2 [ 9 Be(n, 2n) 8 Be] 4.4.3 implosion type) 1 3 1. 2. (α, n) 3. 8

tamper 235 kg 1 100 240 Pu 100 5% hydronuclear experiment, HNE 4.5 ( ( ( TNT ) 1kton of TNT fission of 0.057kg of fissionable material (4.26) Fission of 1.45 10 23 nuclei (4.27) 4.18 10 12 joule (4.28) 2.6 10 25 MeV. (4.29) 5 5.1,Hydrogen bomb, H-bomb) 2 1 D+3 1 T 4 2He+n+17.6 MeV : DT (5.30) 2 1 D+2 1 D 3 2He+n+3.27 MeV : DD (5.31) 3 1T+p+4.03 MeV : DD (5.32) 2 1T+ 3 1 T 4 2He + 2n + 11.3 MeV : TT (5.33) 3 9

3 2 12.3 LiD) 6 Li 6 3 Li + n 4 2 He +3 1 T+4.8 MeV : Li (5.34) 5.2 booster effect, 5.3 5.3.1 1 10

5.3.2 2 5.3.3 3 5.4 X 5.5 5.6 3F 1 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 dirty bomb 5.7 5.8 (saulting) 5.9 6 6.1,dirty bomb 11

60 137 6.2 [ ] 238 99.3 235 0.7 238 depleted uranium DU 1. 238 2. 238 3. 239 4. 235 6.3 1. 35% 2. 50% 3. 5% 4. 10% 5. 0.01% 12

1. 2. 3. 2 fire storm (conflagration). 4. 5. 6. 6.4 [2] [3] 6.5 [4] 7 [1] S.Glasstone and P.J.Dollan,The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Unitetd States Department of Defence and Energy Resaerch and Development Administration, USA,1977 [2] latest Draft of Technology Trap New Edition Chap 1-11 http://www.tgarden.demon.co.uk/writings/techtrap/ttdraft.html Chapter 7 Nuclear Physiscs http://www.tgarden.demon.co.uk/writings/techtrap/draft7.html [3] NCI President Lyman to Congress: Give priority to making today s nuclear plants safe from terrorists, not building new March 5, 2003. http://www.nci.org/ 13

[4] [5] 1996 [6] 1978 ) 14