2

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4 40 2001 700 14 13 1522 12 37 15

5 2006 1.51 2.08 1.51 65 1221 40 9000 3000 400 20 30

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8 30 30

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10 1,3001,400 10

11 1980 24 5020 40 60 40 3,000

12 30 40 10

13 1500 1880 1950 196070 2002

14

15 30 10095 95

16

17 25 76.4 20 25 10

193963 68 88 2000 1964 8791 93 95 98 1400 19431966 193457 87 91 972000 1958 94 98 99 2002 18

19 2002 80

20

21 5000

22 43.5 33.3

23

24 10

25

26

27 20 30 500 200 1111 11 50 100 900

28 60

29 30 30 1,300

30

31

2002 32

33

14 14 16 10 810 12 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 34

11 1.01.0 11 11 2.75100 2.75100 2.751011 11 11 35

() () () 1 3.513 4.679-1.166 43.983 2 2.085 4.597-2.512 20.427 3 3.302 5.439-2.138 40.003 4 2.002 5.490-3.488 26.247 5 3.099 3.894-0.795 58.785 6 6.227 7.001-0.774 63.143 7 5.195 7.450-2.255 72.789 8 4.720 6.936-2.215 42.362 9 3.738 4.936-1.198 67.663 10 4.525 5.190-0.664 93.576 4.438 6.316-1.879 62.142 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 2 3 1 5 8 9 7 10 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 6.2 5.2 4.74.5 2.0 3.94.6 4.7 7.5 7.06.9 36

37 1.9 0. 0.8 0.8 3.5 2.5 62.1 93.6 72.867.763.1 26.2 11 4.46.3 1.9 62.1 1.4 1.51.5 1.9 2.12.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100-4.0-3.0-3.5-2.5-1.5-0.5-2.0-1.0 0.0 10 7 9 6 5 1 8 3 4 2

() () () 1 3.947 5.850-1.903 58.551 2 3.791 5.268-1.477 63.372 3 3.330 4.687-1.356 66.343 4 5.156 7.232-2.076 62.133 5 4.423 6.523-2.100 63.267 6 4.013 5.500-1.487 70.518 4.438 6.316-1.879 62.142 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 70. 5 66.363.4 63.362.1 58.6 38

39 11 2.05.5 3.5 1.9 26.2 62.1 2.4 1.61.751.95 6.45.7 5.3 4.5 4.6 10 2.82.9 4.0 3.8 34.0 32.3 23.824.7 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75-2.5-2.0-1.5-1.0-0.5 0.0

() () () 1 2 3 4 5 6 1.918 5.345-3.427 24.670 1.783 4.594-2.811 34.015 1.577 4.463-2.886 32.329 2.381 6.408-4.027 23.764 1.951 5.745-3.795 26.790 1.789 4.948-3.159 30.399 2.002 5.490-3.488 26.247 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 40 10 35 30 25 20-5.0-4.0-3.0-2.0-1.0 0.0 40

41

111310pp.33-58 121410 pp.41-52 15 29 1531 42

1 2 3 4 5 6 43

1 2 3 4 5 6 44

1 2 3 4 5 6 45

1 2 3 4 5 6 46

1 2 3 4 5 6 47

1 2 3 4 5 6 48

49

50 3240 14 973 30 1.1 5 3

56 41.5 32 24.1 86 32.8 49 31.7 30 24.1 79 27.3 32 47.0 33 26.7 65 30.0 19 35.0 21 27.3 40 31.6 77 43.2 352 25.9 429 32.0 52 46.8 220 28.2 272 31.6 185 41.0 688 26.9 973 29.9 12 25.9 20.0 45.9 12.9 3.8 16.7 11.3 2.8 14.1 50.1 26.5 76.6 3.4 0.2 3.6 3.6 0.3 3.9 14.6 1.3 15.9 21.6 1.8 23.4 1.2 77 86 8 14 6429 90 52 81 51

52 7080 60

2.12.2 232236 176 236232176 2.1 43 46 47 21 25 26 49 73 68 24 33 33 10 13 14 29 46 44 176 236 232 43 43 37 40 24 2240 2.2 55 54.357.5 7080 7080 53

54 5075 3050 90 3040 2.3 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 2.2

65 75 2.3 1 97.1 2.9 17.9 82.1 50.0 50.0 25.0 75.0 35.7 64.3 2 78.0 22.0 21.1 78.9 33.3 66.7 6.7 93.3 31.3 68.7 3 91.1 8.9 19.5 80.5 37.0 63.0 27.5 72.5 27.5 72.5 4 100.0 0.0 20.2 79.2 41.7 58.3 23.8 76.2 25.0 75.0 5 100.0 0.0 22.2 77.8 20.0 80.0 44.4 55.6 25.0 75.0 6 90.9 9.1 37.5 62.5 48.0 58.0 51.8 48.2 33.4 66.6 55

5 12 12 8 9.036.545.5 15.4 3.1 11.2% 46.5% 28.6% 11.0% 2.8% 4.9% 58.5% 17.1% 14.6% 10.3% 51.7% 20.7% 17.2% 17.3% 53.3% 21.3% 6.7% 10.3% 56.4% 20.5% 10.3% 2.6% 18.8% 68.8% 12.5% 0.0% 23.9% 43.5% 13.0% 13.0% 6.5% 8.0% 52.0% 28.0% 12.0% 0.0% 16.7% 36.7% 43.3% 9.2% 47.6% 29.8% 10.5%2.9% 4.8% 57.1% 33.3% 4.9% 43.3% 0.0% 25.0% 18.8% 37.5% 6.3% 12.5% 0.0% 1.3% 4.8% 0.0% 9.0% 36.5% 37.1% 14.6% 2.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3.2 71.9% 24.6% 3.5% 81.4% 16.3% 2.3% 78.6% 17.9% 3.6% 84.7% 13.9% 1.4% 86.5% 8.1% 5.4% 83.3% 0.0% 16.7% 85.4% 12.2% 2.4% 65.4% 34.6% 0.0% 80.0% 16.7% 3.3% 70.4% 26.2% 3.4% 63.2% 36.8% 0.0% 70.6% 23.5% 5.9% 59.1% 36.3% 4.7% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 56

72 24.63.5 80 64 3.3 8.8% 45.3% 35.5% 8.4% 2.0% 12.2% 68.3% 9.8% 9.8% 0.0% 10.7% 60.7% 25.0% 3.6% 0.0% 16.4% 53.4% 21.9% 5.5% 2.7% 18.4% 63.2% 13.2% 0.0% 5.3% 10.0% 70.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 6.4% 55.3% 27.7% 8.5% 2.1% 11.5% 34.6% 46.2% 7.7% 0.0% 13.3% 50.0% 26.7% 10.0% 0.0% 7.9% 44.0% 38.7% 7.5% 1.9% 0.0% 25.0% 45.0% 25.0% 5.0% 6.3% 25.0% 50.0% 6.3% 12.5% 4.7% 33.1% 48.8% 12.2% 1.2% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3.4 7 47 14 1 17.9% 13.4% 24.7% 44.0% 4.2% 8.3% 20.8% 66.7% 5.9% 5.9% 35.3% 52.9% 11.3% 20.8% 30.2% 37.7% 0.0% 5.3% 47.4% 47.4% 0.0% 33.3% 50.0% 16.7% 22.6% 12.9% 41.9% 22.6% 15.4% 0.0% 84.6% 0.0% 7.1% 7.1% 7.1% 78.6% 19.9% 17.5% 26.5% 36.1% 0.0% 25.0% 0.0% 75.0% 14.3% 14.3% 14.3% 57.1% 32.8% 7.5% 10.4% 49.3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 57

3.5 1.3% 35.2% 63.5% 0.0% 28.2% 71.8% 3.8% 11.5% 84.6% 1.4% 25.7% 72.9% 3.2% 29.0% 67.7% 8.3% 16.7% 75.0% 0.0% 33.3% 66.7% 0.0% 40.0% 60.0% 0.0% 22.6% 77.4% 1.0% 36.5% 62.5% 0.0% 57.9% 42.1% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 1.8% 42.8% 55.4% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 350.3 77.4 42.1 5055.4 60 66.7 67.7 28.630.3 31.639.5 41.7 48.150 88.9 974.3 68.6 61.2 64 4.1 44.5 57.723 44.2 40 42.1 42.9 58

3.6 44.5% 51.4% 4.0% 68.6% 28.6% 2.9% 41.7% 50.0% 8.3% 61.2% 34.3% 4.5% 55.6% 44.4% 0.0% 88.9% 11.1% 0.0% 74.3% 25.7% 0.0% 50.0% 50.0% 0.0% 48.1% 44.4% 7.4% 39.5% 57.6% 3.0% 31.6% 63.2% 5.3% 28.6% 64.3% 7.1% 30.3% 62.7% 7.0% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3.7 57.7% 38.1% 4.1% 82.9% 14.3% 2.9% 64.0% 32.0% 4.0% 71.9% 25.0% 3.1% 74.1% 25.9% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 77.8% 22.2% 0.0% 58.3% 37.5% 4.2% 51.9% 40.7% 7.4% 56.7% 39.6% 3.6% 42.1% 52.6% 5.3% 42.9% 50.0% 7.1% 40.0% 53.1% 6.9% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 100 982.9 77.8 74.1 39 4119.5 14.3 35.7 30.4 25.321.4 20.0 59

19.7 17.814.7 12 443818.4 23 4 14.3 37 30.4 26.421.4 20 17.9 17.1 14.8 2362 15.2 42.1 33.3 3228 24.2 21.717.4 16.5 15.4 12.5 3.8 39.3% 41.3% 19.5% 50.0% 35.3% 14.7% 64.0% 24.0% 12.0% 42.4% 37.9% 19.7% 70.4% 18.5% 11.1% 40.0% 40.0% 20.0% 63.9% 25.0% 11.1% 30.4% 39.1% 30.4% 35.7% 28.6% 35.7% 38.7% 43.5% 17.8% 31.3% 68.8% 0.0% 14.3% 64.3% 21.4% 26.0% 48.7% 25.3% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 60

3.9 44.2% 37.5% 18.4% 54.3% 28.6% 17.1% 70.4% 14.8% 14.8% 47.8% 34.3% 17.9% 77.8% 11.1% 11.1% 40.0% 40.0% 20.0% 67.6% 24.3% 8.1% 26.1% 43.5% 30.4% 33.3% 29.6% 37.0% 47.6% 37.6% 14.8% 31.3% 68.8% 0.0% 14.3% 64.3% 21.4% 26.4% 47.3% 26.4% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3.10 22.7% 62.1% 15.2% 12.5% 65.6% 21.9% 21.7% 73.9% 4.3% 24.2% 61.3% 14.5% 17.4% 73.9% 8.7% 33.3% 55.6% 11.1% 6.7% 80.0% 13.3% 42.1% 47.4% 10.5% 32.0% 48.0% 20.0% 28.0% 56.4% 15.7% 0.0% 84.6% 15.4% 15.4% 69.2% 15.4% 16.5% 67.0% 16.5% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 78 22.1 0.86 93.3 89.5 8887.5 84.6 77.8 77.472.7 66.7 64.8 3336 61

3.11 0.9% 22.1% 77.1% 0.0% 15.4% 84.6% 0.0% 12.0% 88.0% 0.0% 12.5% 87.5% 3.2% 19.4% 77.4% 9.1% 18.2% 72.7% 0.0% 10.5% 89.5% 0.0% 18.2% 81.8% 0.0% 35.7% 64.3% 0.8% 21.5% 77.8% 0.0% 33.3% 66.7% 0.0% 6.7% 93.3% 1.4% 33.8% 64.8% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 23 35.8 24.8 14.8 50.7 4.78.5 1994 62

1982 1982 7.6 30.7 1987 8.30.7 35.75.0 1992 8.90.6 37.41.7 1997 10.11.2 42.24.8 2002 14.84.7 50.78.5 : http://www.stat.go.jp/data/shugyou/2002/kakuhou/yo uyaku.htm 03//29 63

64 4.1 4.2 1.4 1.9 13.5 4.1 38.8 25.0 22.7 34.8 18.8 11.4 8.2 17.9 13.3 21.7 12.5 15.9 34.7 42.9 46.7 37.0 62.5 59.1 18.4 14.3 17.3 6.5 6.3 13.6 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 4.5% 0.0% 0.0%

8090 80 4.3 4.2 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 4.5% 86.4% 4.5% 9.1% 0.0% 0.0% 75.0% 16.7% 0.0% 8.3% 44.0% 36.0% 12.0% 8.0% 61.5% 15.4% 11.5% 11.5% 40.0% 20.0% 0.0% 0.0% 40.0% 41.7% 33.3% 16.7% 8.3% 4.3 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 70.8% 12.5% 12.5% 4.2% 4.2% 75.0% 8.3% 0.0% 16.7% 8.3% 0.0% 29.6% 37.0% 25.9% 7.4% 57.7% 11.5% 15.4% 15.4% 27.3% 50.0% 27.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 50.0% 36.4% 9.1% 65

1020 4.2 66

640750 5.1 70.2 51.3 3.6 37.536.8 29.827.9 21.9 19.1 21.819.9 10.4 9.9 5.2 5.3 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 1.8 17.3 37.5 43.5 1.0 20.9 38.5 39.6 6.5 31.0 31.9 30.6 3.0 24.9 36.2 35.9 4.0 25.8 34.7 35.5 7.4 29.4 35.4 27.8 21.3 48.9 17.8 12.0 1.1 2.5 24.3 72.1 13.4 37.9 21.4 27.4 2.6 17.3 35.5 44.6 0.8 9.6 35.0 54.6 1.2 20.6 35.2 42.9 0.8 9.1 34.4 55.8 67

5.2 5.25.2 5.25.2 12 1.000 0.945 0.654 0.919 0.902 0.746-0.316 0.684 0.374 0.859 0.829 0.948 0.823 0.945 1.000 0.675 0.939 0.906 0.723-0.245 0.616 0.354 0.892 0.840 0.958 0.803 0.654 0.675 1.000 0.805 0.850 0.814 0.384 0.205 0.782 0.436 0.375 0.705 0.367 0.919 0.939 0.805 1.000 0.974 0.876-0.025 0.449 0.554 0.788 0.683 0.915 0.656 0.902 0.906 0.850 0.974 1.000 0.887-0.010 0.485 0.573 0.774 0.698 0.930 0.690 0.746 0.723 0.814 0.876 0.887 1.000 0.210 0.149 0.643 0.572 0.385 0.711 0.392-0.316-0.245 0.384-0.025-0.010 0.210 1.000-0.689 0.675-0.454-0.625-0.271-0.630 0.684 0.616 0.205 0.449 0.485 0.149-0.689 1.000-0.067 0.761 0.910 0.715 0.936 0.374 0.354 0.782 0.554 0.573 0.643 0.675-0.067 1.000 0.163 0.007 0.354 0.024 0.859 0.892 0.436 0.788 0.774 0.572-0.454 0.761 0.163 1.000 0.905 0.886 0.903 0.829 0.840 0.375 0.683 0.698 0.385-0.625 0.910 0.007 0.905 1.000 0.886 0.971 0.948 0.958 0.705 0.915 0.930 0.711-0.271 0.715 0.354 0.886 0.886 1.000 0.860 0.823 0.803 0.367 0.656 0.690 0.392-0.630 0.936 0.024 0.903 0.971 0.860 1.000 5.2(1) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 678 1.8 17.3 37.5 43.5 68 4.4 23.5 36.8 35.3 46 19.6 45.7 34.8 (309 1.9 18.1 37.2 42.7 49 34.7 34.7 30.6 (28 25.0 42.9 32.1 (178 1.7 6.7 36.0 55.6 68

5.2 68.0 56.7 40.037.0 35.026.3 5.2(2) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1.8 670 1.0 1.0 20.9 38.5 39.6 4.4 66 1.5 1.5 28.8 39.4 30.3 45 22.2 37.8 40.0 1.9 (309 1.3 1.3 25.2 37.9 35.6 48 31.3 45.8 22.9 (28 14.3 57.1 28.6 1.7 (1741.1 1.1 8.0 34.5 56.3 5.2(4) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 3.0 676 3.0 24.9 36.2 35.9 67 7.5 37.3 34.3 20.9 4.4 45 4.4 24.4 40.0 31.1 1.6 (307 1.6 23.1 38.4 36.8 2.1 48 2.1 39.6 37.5 20.8 (29 6.9 24.1 44.8 24.1 2.8 (180 2.8 19.4 30.6 47.2 5.2(5) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 681 4.0 25.8 34.7 35.5 68 7.4 35.3 35.3 22.1 45 4.4 22.2 33.3 40.0 (310 3.5 23.2 36.8 36.5 48 2.1 41.7 33.3 22.9 (30 6.7 30.0 40.0 23.3 (180 3.3 22.8 30.6 43.3 69 1.1 1.1 2.5 2.5

4.1 2.7 5.2(12) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 659 1.2 1.8 20.6 35.2 42.9 63 4.4 30.2 36.5 33.3 44 4.5 20.5 29.5 45.5 (300 1.0 1.9 21.0 36.3 41.7 49 28.6 38.8 32.7 (27 25.9 48.1 25.9 (176 1.7 1.7 13.6 31.3 53.4 5.2(3) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 690 6.5 31.0 31.9 30.6 67 6.0 50.7 23.9 19.4 46 10.9 26.1 23.9 39.1 (314 5.4 29.6 35.4 29.6 50 14.0 54.0 16.0 16.0 (30 6.7 33.3 40.0 20.0 (183 5.5 20.8 33.9 39.9 77.977.0 66. 1 60.656.8 4.0 62.1 48.5 30.043.9 32.447.8 24.1 4.4 3.5 2.1 3.3 5.2 56.047.0 46.4 34.633.9 25.0 5.2 70

2.8 5.2(6) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 687 4.0 7.4 29.4 35.4 27.8 66 9.1 37.9 37.9 15.2 48 4.4 8.3 16.7 45.8 29.2 (310 3.5 5.8 28.1 37.4 28.7 50 2.112.0 44.0 30.0 14.0 (28 7.1 39.3 32.1 21.4 (185 3.3 8.1 26.5 30.3 35.1 5.2(7) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 7521.1 2.5 21.3 48.9 17.8 12.0 72 4.8 23.6 55.6 13.9 6.9 54 2.2 27.8 44.4 16.7 11.1 (3430.7 2.819.5 54.2 14.3 12.0 55 2.1 29.1 50.9 14.5 5.5 (29 24.1 41.4 20.7 13.8 (1991.7 2.819.1 39.2 26.1 15.6 80.0 79.273.7 72.265.5 58.3 2.2 3.0 5.2 5.2105.211 5.213 2.6 4.1 2.7 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.3 4.5 1.0 23.4 21.2 18.6 14.610.1 9.9 5.2 1.7 71

2.1 3.3 5.2(8) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1.1 2.5 649 1.1 2.5 24.3 72.1 62 4.8 4.8 27.4 67.7 2.2 45 2.2 0.7 2.8 (290 0.7 2.8 20.0 25.9 77.8 70.7 2.1 48 2.1 29.2 68.8 (28 35.7 1.7 2.8 (176 1.7 2.8 18.8 76.7 64.3 5.2(10) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 664 2.6 2.6 64 17.3 23.4 35.5 39.1 44.6 37.5 45 2.2 13.3 2.2 (296 3.0 18.2 3.0 49 4.1 14.3 4.1 (28 14.3 35.6 39.3 35.1 61.2 48.9 43.6 46.4 20.4 (182 2.7 2.7 15.9 27.5 53.8 5.2(11) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1.2 6461.2 0.8 9.6 35.0 54.6 621.6 9.7 4.5 432.3 4.57.0 1.0 (2901.0 9.7 25.6 35.5 38.6 65.1 53.2 51.7 48 10.4 47.9 41.7 (27 7.4 1.7 (1761.7 10.2 24.4 55.6 63.6 37.0 70.4 63.6 52.547.9 0.8 46.4 40.9 1.0 1.2 72

2.1 1.7 3.3 5.2(13) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 659 0.8 9.1 34.4 55.8 63 7.9 46.0 46.0 44 7.1 23.8 69.0 (300 1.0 9.1 36.9 53.0 49 14.6 41.7 43.8 (27 7.4 40.7 51.9 (176 1.2 8.7 25.4 64.7 5.2(9) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 702 13.4 37.9 21.4 27.4 66 19.7 43.9 15.2 21.2 48 10.4 37.5 29.2 22.9 (320 14.7 37.8 21.9 25.6 54 18.5 51.9 16.7 13.0 (28 10.7 35.7 25.0 28.6 (186 8.6 32.3 21.5 37.6 2.3 0.8 1.6 1.7 0.8 1.0 1.2 73

74 14 5075

90 90 20021112 8090 198090 8090 8090 % 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0-1 -2-3 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 80 4.1 1.3 90 1.9-0.3 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 75

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 0 1 100 80 60 40 20 0 58.9 42.9 36.5 71.7 71.2 37.1 53.7 58.5 24.0 26.7 90 97 97 90 80 80 80 80 98 80 80 80 6 61 76

01 0182 100 1.4 76.4 1.3 28.3 1.1 3.7 1.5 5.3 1.0 19.8 1.1 21.8 1.6 23.5 1.9 80 20 1.9 202.3 1.81.7 1.71.6 50 80 10 40 50 60 70 80 4 18 24 19 8 2001 90 80 90 90 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 6.1 6.2 6.1 4.1 3.4 4.7 4.2 3.8 4.0 3.6 4.7 4.7 4.6 3.7 4.1 3.5 5.9 4.1 0 72-75 75-78 78-81 81-86 86-89 89-91 91-94 94-96 96-99 11 77

78 3.4 0.6 80 8090 90 90 8090 408090 80 90 90 8090 8090 90 80 90 0.2 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.4 2.7 20.3 100.5 105.2 111.8 142.3 151.5 165.3 197.1 236.8 435.0

8090 1.700 1.600 1.500 1.400 1.300 1.200 1.100 1.000 0.900 0.800 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1.700 1.600 1.500 1.400 1.300 1.200 1.100 1.000 0.900 0.800 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 10 80 90 12 80908090 20 79

11 80 1.95 0.87 1.22 1.74 1.31 0.46 1.07 2.31 0.33 90-0.33 1.02 0.47 0.84 1.01 1.02 0.91 2.85 1.61-2.28 0.15-0.74-0.90-0.30 0.56-0.16 0.53 1.28 7080 10 OECD Managing National Innovation Systems 1999 COCThe New Challenge to America s Prosperity 1999 EU 13 SundoboThe Theory of Innovation 80

80 12 95 901 31,000 29,000 27,000 25,000 23,000 21,000 19,000 17,000 98 82 98 15,000 82 82 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 1.100 1.050 1.000 0.950 0.900 92 82 93 95 0.850 82 82 0.800 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 98 95 250 200 150 100 50 82 98 82 82 98 0 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 70,000 65,000 60,000 55,000 50,000 45,000 98 82 98 98 40,000 82 35,000 82 30,000 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 () 98 81

12 80 13 0.333 0.603 0.555 0.556 0.293 0.630 0.680 0.412 0.400 8090 80 90 14 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00-0.50-1.00-1.50-2.00-2.50-0.40-0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 15 16 15 9.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16 4 13 11 11 10 7 6 5 2001 90 82

1990 90 200230 2002 17 28.43 16.89 13.55 6.23 5.08 35.54 35.54 21.11 56.65 16.93 73.59 7.79 81.37 6.35 87.72 65 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0-2.0-4.0-6.0-8.0-10.0-6.0-4.0-2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 2 65 1 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0-2.0-4.0-6.0-8.0-10.0-6.0-4.0-2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 3 83

84 100 90 18 19 11 16 20 45 15 33 30 41 33 0.67 0.67 18 19 150.850.83(0.79) 0.740.71 0.700.690.690.68 0.690.670.67 65-0.90-0.79-0.69 0.870.850.85 0.840.810.77 0.770.750.700.67-0.92-0.85-0.81-0.780.67 23 41 33 41 39 28 25 2 11 48

20 80 85

86 49 21 49 48 46 45 49 41 16 33

87 80 80 90 90 10

10 2002 20021121 2001 2001 172002 162001 1712 15 2000 IMDWorld Competitiveness Yearbook, 2002 10. 1999 11OECD/GD96102The Knowledge-based Economy1996 12 13EU/COM2000567final[Innovation in a knowledge based economy]2000 88

89 15 15 15 2681.6440 1,9441,5073.364,430 1661.3209 36 iv 30 15 14 i iii 153 ivxvi 3616 6013 15 10 11

90 82 2523 33 40 10 11 10 11 12 18 11 14

31 4.2 1 11 2225 200 100 5018 12 121020 13 12 12 100 360 3 12 13.7 14 v 10 1050 15 1111 17 16 18 9,000 91

92 16 11 21 vi 20 19 77 22 23 12 30 24 14 12 31 29 15

16 11 15 26 27 25 28 1220 29 15 30 10 31 10 32 33 34 475,00036 35 48 20 10 36 1512235,000 vii 8,400 37 13 15 11 38 39 1120 1515 93

94 40 viii 42 43 100 43 45 41 1330 44 55 60 150 46 45 14 16 14 44 13 15 11 11 15 12 38 15 12

32 13 32 44 15 13 40 47 48 11 35 49 1230 ix 20 50 10 51 1210 52 132,739 28 53 10 95

15 13 15 54 132,081 30 55 1311 13 15 x 141413 10,689319 56 51KW 2,100KW900KW 130KW 57 15 8,740 100 58 59 2,440KW 1,000KW 450KW 10 408010 180 12 613 60 xi 13 1110 20 61 14 15 30 482 62 12 63 xii 1115 96

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15 16 30 12 11 88 12 89 12 10 90 xv 12 121213 91 156 600 92 14 28,610407 93 94 xvi 1510 95 13 15114 200 96 15 9,93889 10 13 1014 10 98 132,07017 99 1450 97 22 100

101 27 33 1012106364 73 3738 45 30

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103 48 49767768 50765766 51386387 52 35233 53555667727599 14 232 54234 57227 58242 59 60406408 6150 50 5253 625657 63770771 64786787 65 66235 68236 70790791 71232 73 816817 74231 77 12240241 78242243 79121 431110 80 1014210 81 14 82 1511343 83 1110 5092 84 307 8587302 86 13 88792 89784 9093 91678 92229 9394243 95798799 96229230 97 122022 98233 1416 14330037

104

self-enforcing 2 strategic complementarity 7 1 1/2 1/2 1 105

p 1p p p pp p ppp p 1 / 2 p 1 / 2 p 1 / 2 p 1 / 2 p 1 / 2 1 / 2 p p 1 / 2 p = 1 1/2 45 0 1/2 1 p 1 / 2 selfenforcing 106

1 0 1 1999a1999b 1999 1998 1997p.10 107

1999 1999a 15 pp.69-92. 1999 b 1999pp.152-159. 1998 pp.40-43. 1997 108

20002,3682001 3,28520023,443 20033500 10 1980 1984 1992 11 18 1992 1996 2000 2001 109

110 19802001 1980 1980 1984 1111 1990 199218 18 1992 1986 1996

111 200012 30 2001 5

112 30 20012006 7000 3 20002,36820013,285 20023,44320033,480 20008.920019.420029.8 26 4 7713 90 2003 50.8 12.810.8 10.9 30 2,924 3,285 3,443 3,480 2000 2001 2002 2003 32,843 34,685 35,000 35,876 8.9 9.4 9.8 9.7 152003 11310 12361 4.8158 137

113 2001 13 2002 14 11,560 1,083 2,254 283 401 15,581 796 796 258 145 26 2,199 2,628 274 403 678 1,027 1,027 174 111 285 51 51 21,046 170,300 42,689 36,500 5,277 1,823 9,000 265,589 39,284 7,062 46,346 1,350 1,120 200 425 10,700 13,795 4,010 1,591 560 1,808 7,970 5,280 5,280 2,895 765 1,050 4,710 392 240 632 344,322 7,360 100 1,130 283 8,873 396 396 189 12 1,369 1,570 0 756 756 50 97 47 193 21 21 11,809 157,965 40,420 34,310 4,500 18,702 255,897 32,885 11,286 44,171 59 100 18 1,500 360 390 6,400 8,827 5,390 1,455 560 812 8,217 4,247 575 4,822 2,650 700 702 4,052 404 100 504 326,490 21 2002 2003

114 2003 2,6558,900 4634,600 1379,500 797,000 528,000 471,000 63,200 % 77 13 4 2 1.5 1.3 0.2 2003 2003 50.8 12.8 10.8 109 142002 2003 2002 37 500 3000 500 500 1500 1500 2000 1000 1000 19 100 15 528 8.5 2000 4.5 37 35 35 39 35 35

115 2001 2001 30 6012 75 50 2003 30.6 151.0 19.0 45.0 245.6 2001 9.1 45.3 5.7 13.5 73.6

60 3 12 3 17 5 2003 2001 96 4 0 2003 102001 58% 38% 4% 2003 112001 30 0.1 3035 3540 4045 4550 5055 5560 6070 70 3 93012 15 184033 22 185040 12 0.1 2003 122001 30 200 3035 3540 4045 4550 5055 5560 6070 70 200 280 400 510 640 710 700 690 2003 116

117 96 10 10 58 38 11 504040 33 3012 13142001 83,27417,224 20.7200277,459 17,65022.8 3,500 30 4010 132001 66,222,500 21,221,100 1,718,700 7,441,500 17,905,200 11,344,600 1,411,200 5,180,200 1,732,500 67,955,000 2003 83,223 7,305 2,091 2,666 16,385 30,354 9,145 15,277 51 83,274 17,200 2,490 61 450 2,726 6,229 1,074 4,170 24 17,224 20.7 34.1 2.9 16.9 16.6 20.5 11.7 27.3 47.1 20.7 142002 2003 77,359 7,448 595 2,544 11,416 26,340 13,296 1,999 13,721 98 77,457 17,629 2,460 74 604 2,718 5,662 1,750 206 4,155 21 17,650 22.8 33.0 12.4 23.7 23.8 21.5 13.2 10.3 30.3 21.4 22.8 73,704,000 23,132,600 1,995,700 9,354,300 17,125,700 10,097,700 3,243,600 1,899,900 6,854,500 1,741,800 75,445,800 3,974,970 598,710 2,806,290 569,970 522,540 4,497,510

118 15 102000 6000 35 5000 3500 10 10 30 500 1200 10004000 200130 50100 4060 30 60 152003 15 35 10

119 400 1100 140 15.617.6 18.6 125 2003 16 2003 17

120 Independent Funding Agency Research Council 200112 50 1525 7860 718 50

121 11504040 33 30 12 2002 1,70385000 21000 200017,269 270008600 80 18 7254 2004 2003 18

122 1999 30 2001 2002 20032341pp 1214 5364pp 1320 13 13361 10 100

30 2002 152003 142002 26 2003 122002 1980 2003 13 132001 14 142002 15 152003 2002 123

124

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130

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135

136 59 30 20 2000 1600 12370 600

2000 16 99.8 1000s2000s 2000s5000s 137

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140 30 60

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145

146 90 6058.8 57 70 70 70 60 1618 1/4

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13 100100 60 ISO 151

152 12 12 6701336 1471 1625 1649 1661 1782 1789 1764 1852

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155 20 30 30 30 10 51

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70 38 26 18 23 89 44 17 24 38 35 21 12 12 22 505 161

2,400 2,300 2,200 2,100 2,000 1,900 1,800 1,700 1,600 1,500 2,122 2,069 2,027 1,992 1,989 2,037 1,981 1,915 1,863 1,813 1,767 1,707 1,662 1,603 1,557 1,487 1,400 61 62 63 10 11 12 13 17,000 16,000 15,000 15,658 15,103 15,346 15,331 15,312 15,12515,03115,112 15,274 15,135 15,076 14,745 14,000 13,000 13,915 13,691 13,427 12,590 12,000 61 62 63 10 11 12 13 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2,000 1,800 1,600 1,400 1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0 1,783 1,8081,942 2,196 2,583 2,6412,620 2,5482,486 2,422 2,328 2,464 2,275 2,0902,145 2,016 61 62 63 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 162

163 80 132,016 1,487 54.5 10.0 6.2 4.2 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.0 2.4 9.1 9.1 2001 56.2 56.1 55.5 55.8 54.9 9.6 9.8 9.9 9.7 9.8 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.8 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 20.0 20.3 20.6 20.8 21.3 5.6 5.6 5.8 5.6 5.8 3.1 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 4.2 4.0 4.3 4.1 4.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 10 11 12 2001 10 11 12 1,487 57.9 24.6 8.3 4.4 2.0 1.8 0.9 56.4 56.8 57.2 56.8 57.3 26.7 26.7 26.5 26.4 26.0 7.6 6.8 7.0 7.4 7.2 4.4 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.7 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9 1019 2029 3049 5099 100 7.6 6.8 7.0 7.4 7.2 4.4 5.0 4.6 4.6 4.7 2.7 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.3 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.7 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.9

164 100 800 900 50010 40 24

165 500 500 11 10 36

166 10 500 60

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168 18

169 60

13 a 170

13 1 2 3 4 5 101613 1 1237 2 10 3 10 4 121410 5 1410 2001 171

172 2002 10292002 7 2 2002 2 11123 1218124 2003 15125 35 2436 37 19126 26127 128 129 130 131 29132 24133 1015134 7 10 11 12 2004 20 10

173

13 174

2003 100200 18 13 10 175