学位論文の要旨 周波数可変多重検出電子スピン共鳴装置の開発とパイ共役系分子デバイスへの応用 ( D e v e l o p m e n t o f a m u l t i - f r e q u e n c y / d e t e c t i o n e l e c t r o n s p i n

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学位論文の要旨 周波数可変多重検出電子スピン共鳴装置の開発とパイ共役系分子デバイスへの応用 ( D e v e l o p m e n t o f a m u l t i - f r e q u e n c y / d e t e c t i o n e l e c t r o n s p i n r e s o n a n c e i n s t r u m e n t a n d a p p l i c a t i o n t o π - c o n j u g a t e d m o l e c u l a r d e v i c e s ) 氏名福田國統印 π 共役系分子は 低コスト 軽量 フレキシブル等の利点からエレクトロニクスデバイスの機能性材料として研究 開発が行われてきた また スピンコヒーレント時間が長いため スピントロニクス分野における利用も研究されている そこで 第 1 章において研究の背景となるπ 共役系分子の利点 そしてπ 共役系分子を使用したデバイスに対する従来の電子スピン共鳴 (ESR) による評価法とその問題点を提示する エレクトロニクスデバイスは キャリアのダイナミクスにより動作し さらに そのキャリアのスピン状態がスピントロニクスにおいて重要となる ここで 電子スピン共鳴法は π 共役系分子を用いたデバイスに対する電子状態の評価法として有用である しかし 従来の ESR 測定は 試料を収める空洞共振器 ( キャビティ ) の寸法により 5 mm 以下の大きさ かつ短冊状の形状のデバイスに制限されており 実際に使用するデバイスの空間的 構造的な不均一性の評価が困難だった そこで 本研究では それらの制限を緩和し デバイスの測定が容易な独自の電子スピン共鳴装置の開発を提案した 第 2 章では 電子スピン共鳴の概要を解説し 第 3 章において ESR と電気的検出電子スピン共鳴 (EDMR) の開発および動作の検証を行った マイクロ波の周波数を従来の X-band からより低周波数の C-band(4-6 GHz) に変更し 内部に 20 mm 程度のデバイスを収納しても測定可能な独自のキャビティを設計 作製した ESR の標準物質である DPPH のスペクトルがそのキャビティを組込んだ ESR 装置により得られたことから ESR 装置としての動作を確認した また デバイスの作動条件を再現した測定手法として本研究では 定電流回路によりデバイスにキャリアを注入し 試料への印加電圧を測定することにより共鳴を検出する EDMR を使用した EDMR は デバイス出力である電流 電圧を通して磁気共鳴を観測するため デバイス特性と相関の高い信号が得られると期待される ESR 装置に試料への電流供給と電圧計測を行う EDMR 回路を組込み EDMR 系を構築した PN シリコンダイオードに対して EDMR 信号が取得され EDMR 系の動作が確認された 第 4 章において 作製した EDMR 装置を用いて代表的なπ 共役系分子であるペンタセンを用いた Schottky バリアダイオード (PSBD) に対して EDMR 測定を実施し ペンタセンにおいて初めて EDMR スペクトルが観測された ここで EDMR 信号は PSBD 中の電気伝導に関するスピン依存過程の存在を示唆している このスピン依存過程は スピントロニクスに限らず 電気伝導への影響を与えることからエレクトロニクスにおいても重要である そのため このスピン依存過程の特定を行った まず

EDMR 信号の外部磁場異方性が GIWAXD により観測されたペンタセン分子の配向と一致したため スピン依存過程はペンタセン薄膜に存在することが示された ついで EDMR のスペクトルが二成分系に分離されたことから 二種類のキャリアがスピン依存過程に関与することが確認された EDMR 信号強度の印可電圧依存性を主たるキャリアの電荷が異なる二種類のペンタセンデバイスの電流密度 電圧測定と比較によって 二種類のキャリアは ともに正電荷の移動性のポーラロンとトラップされたポーラロンと推定した そして その二種類のポーラロンの衝突により発生する 一重項状態と三重項状態の前駆体の割合 つまりスピン状態の割合がスピン依存電気伝導を引き起すと考察した ここで PSBD の EDMR スペクトルにおいて線幅異方性が確認された 過去に周波数可変の EDMR 測定からスピントロニクスにおいてスピン緩和を引き起す等の重要な役割を担う超微細相互作用 (HFI) とスピン- 軌道相互用 (SOC) が EDMR 信号の線幅の起源とされた そこで 線幅異方性を周波数可変 EDMR 測定による解析を検討したが 従来の周波数可変機構は 異方性の測定が困難なため 第 5 章において新たな周波数可変の機構を構築した キャビティに Waveguide window(ww) を着脱することによって キャビティの高さを機械的に変化させる周波数可変機構を考案した 実際に WW を作製し その WW を装着したキャビティの共振周波数が WW の厚みにより定量的に制御可能なことを確認した この周波数可変のキャビティを用いて周波数可変 ESR/EDMR 系を構築し DPPH と PN シリコンダイオードに対して測定を行った結果 それぞれの ESR EDMR スペクトルが取得され ESR/EDMR 系の動作が確認された 第 6 章においてその周波数可変 ESR/EDMR 装置を用いて PSBD に対する周波数可変 EDMR 測定を実施した トラップされたポーラロンと移動性のポーラロン成分に分離し得られたそれぞれの線幅の共鳴磁場依存性は 結晶配向に対応した HFI と SOC の異方性を反映していることが確認された これは 電気伝導への HFI と SOC の影響を観測した結果として意義深く スピントロニクスにおいて 分子 結晶配向の効果を考慮する必要性を示している 第 7 章では 全体の結論を以下のようにまとめた 本研究により π 共役系分子のペンタセンにおけるスピン依存過程の解明 そして 線幅の異方性の起源を検証した これらの知見は エレクトロニクスとスピントロニクスデバイスにおいて π 共役系分子の電気伝導機構と分子 結晶の配向の重要性を示した また 本研究において構築した測定手法はデバイスの最適な作製条件の検討において 有用な指針を示すと期待される

Development of a multi-frequency/detection electron spin resonance instrument and application to π-conjugated molecular devices Kunito Fukuda π-conjugated molecules have been studied and developed for low cost functional materials used in electronics devices because of their unique properties including light weight and flexibility. Recently, these also have been investigated for spintronics field because their spin coherent times are generally longer than inorganic materials. In Chapter 1, various advantages of π-conjugated molecules are presented and a conventional electron spin resonance(esr) methodology for characterization of π-conjugated molecular electronic devices and its problems are discussed. Electronics devices operate as a consequence of carrier dynamics and the spin states of these carriers are in particular important in determination of behaviors of spintronic devices. In the spintronic applications, ESR spectroscopy is applicable to exploration of electronic states of the π-conjugated molecular devices. However, in the method, measurable electronic devices are limited to those with a size smaller than 5 mm and strip form, therefore making it difficult to estimate a spatial and structural inhomogeneities in practical devices. This motivates the author to study and develop novel ESR instrument that enables one to perform ESR measurements using various electronic devices. In Chapter 2, an ESR theory was overviewed. In Chapter 3, the author s development of a home-build ESR and electrically detected magnetic resonance (EDMR) system is described. Since microwave frequency is decreased from commonly used X-band to C-band, where the frequency range falls into 4-6 GHz, a custom microwave cavity was designed and fabricated, which one can mount a device with a size of 20 mm 20 mm in the cavity. A standard sample, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH), was used for calibration of the home-built ESR spectrometer. Furthermore, in this study, an electrically detect magnetic resonance(edmr) spectroscopy is employed which is composed of a section of carriers injection using constant electric current power supply and also resonance detector section using voltage measurements applied to the device. In this method the operating condition for practical devices is implemented. EDMR is expected to give highly correlated signal with characteristics of the device, because EDMR selectively observes signals of ESR via output current and voltage through the device. The author confirmed the adequate operative performance of the home-built EDMR instrument from EDMR spectrum of PN junction type silicon diode.

In Chapter 4, EDMR spectroscopy was applied to Schottky barrier diode using pentacene (PSBD) that was typical π-conjugated molecular semiconductor. The very first EDMR spectrum of pentacene was obtained in this research. Here, appearance of EDMR signal indicates that there exists spin dependent electric conduction in PSBD. This spin dependent process(sdp) would be importance not only for spintronics but also electronics, because this phenomenon influences electric conductivity of devices. Thus, the author has tried to shed light on origin of the SDP. First, the SDP was not occurred at the interface between pentacene and electrode, but inside of pentacene thin film, because the anisotropic linewidth of the EDMR signal was observed, which depended on orientational arrangements of pentacene molecules. The orientation was verified using out-of-plane grazing incidence wide-angle x-ray diffraction. Second, the EDMR spectrum can be decomposed to two components, meaning that the two kinds of carriers should participate in the SDP. The comparison between the dependency of intensity of the two signals on the applied voltage and the current density-voltage characteristics of PSBD and an electron only device indicates that two carriers are assigned to a pair of mobile and trapped positively charged polarons. Therefore, at this moment, the SDP are presumed to positively charged bipolaron formation process from the two kinds of polarons. Again, the anisotropy of EDMR spectrum was observed. From the previous research, the linewidth of EDMR signal is originated from hyperfine interaction(hfi) and spin-orbital interaction(soc), which are important for spintronics application from the viewpoint of mechanisms of spin relaxation. This information can be revealed by the multiple frequency(mf) EDMR measurement. Therefore, the author was motivated to analyze the anisotropy of the linewidth as a function of resonance frequency. But there are no methods available for measuring the anisotropy in the past MF-EDMR system. Thus, a novel MF mechanism was built in Chapter 5. The novel MF method was performed using a variable size microwave cavity equipped with custom waveguide windows(wws). Resonance frequency of the cavity equipped with WW was able to be controlled by changing thickness of WWs. The MF-ESR/EDMR system was constructed using this variable frequency cavity, which was applied to a complex sample of DPPH and PN silicon diode as the initial trial. The author succeeded in making quasi-concomitant measurements of ESR of DPPH and EDMR of PN junction type Si diode spectra, and confirmed the appropriate operative performance of the MF-ESR/EDMR system. In Chapter 6, MF-EDMR measurements for PSBD were carried out using the MF-ESR/EDMR instrument. The dependencies of linewidth of EDMR signal of trapped and mobile polarons on the resonance field were reflected on the anisotropy of HFI and SOC that is due to orientations of crystalline grains of pentacene molecules. From this

result, both HFI and SOC affect the carrier conduction. The fact would be important to spintronics because it is necessary to consider the effect of orientational arrangements of the crystalline grains on spin dependent processes. In Chapter 7, the author briefly concludes his research as follows. The elucidation of spin dependent processes in π-conjugated molecular pentacene and the anisotropy of linewidth of EDMR were presented. The knowledge indicates that the relationship between conduction mechanics and crystalline grain and/or molecular orientations of π-conjugated molecules would be important both for electronics and spintronics. Finally the measurement methodology constructed in this research were expected to improve research and development strategies for explorations of finding optimal electronic device processing conditions.