1.,.. 2 OSI,,,,,,,,, TCP/IP,, IP, ICMP, ARP, TCP, UDP, FTP, TELNET, ssh,,,,,,,, IP,,, 3 OSI OSI(Open Systems Interconnection: ). 1 OSI 7. ( 1) 4 ( 4),,,,.,.,..,,... 1
2 1: OSI OSI,,,,,,,,, 4 TCP/IP TCP/IP, TCP, IP 2,, IP, IP. IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, TELNET, FTP, HTTP TCP IP
3 2: OSI TCP/IP. TCP/IP. TCP/IP, TCP/IP. TCP/IP OSI. 2 OSI TCP/IP. TCP/IP OSI,., OSI, TCP/IP. ( ) TCP/IP...,,,,. ( ). NIC(Network Interface Card). OS. &,. ( ), IP(Internet Protocol)., OSI 3,. IP IP. TCP/IP,, OS., IP
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5, FTP(File Transfer Protocol). FTP,., Windows Mac OS, UNIX, OS,.., FTP,, 2 TCP.. ( ) :,,. TCP/IP, TELNET(TELetypewriter NETwork)., UNIX rlogin r., ssh. TCP/IP,, IP, ICMP, ARP, TCP, UDP, FTP, TELNET, ssh,,,,,,,, IP,,, 5,,,,,. OSI ( ),.,,,,... 5.1 OSI.,.,.,. 5.2 ( 2 ), OSI 2,.,..,. MAC, (
6 3: 4: ).,. MAC, MAC. OSI 2, 2 (L2 ).. 5.3 ( 3 ), OSI 3,.,.,, FDDI.,.
7 5:, 3 (L3 ).,.,,.. :,,,, MAC,,,, FDDI 6 IP MAC 2. IP, MAC. IP MAC ARP(Address Resolution Protocol). 6.1 MAC MAC,. MAC 48, 6.3 24,. http://standards.ieee.org/regauth/oui. 25 48,., MAC. 6.2 IP IP (IPv4 ) 32. TCP/IP, IP. IP 8 4,. 10. IP
8 6: IEEE802.3 MAC. 7.,.,..,. IP, IP 1. 2. IP,.. IP IP, A, B, C, D 4. IP, 4. A : A 1 0, IP 8. B : B 2 10, IP 16. C : C 3 110, IP 24. D : D 4 1110, IP 32. D, IP., IP,.
9 7: IP, A B.,,,., IP IP (, ) 2. IP. 2. 192.168.0.5 16., IP 192. 168. 0. 5 255. 255. 0. 0 IP, 192. 168. 0. 5/16 IP /,., 0., 192.168.0.0/16 192.168/16., IP
10 8: IP. IP IP 1.,,, IP.,, IP. TCP/IP, IP. IP,.,,. 10. 0. 0. 0 10. 255. 255. 255 (10/8) 172. 16. 0. 0 172. 31. 255. 255 (172.16/12) 192. 168. 0. 0 192. 168. 255. 255 (192.168/16).,., 192.168/16.
11 9: 6.3 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) ARP. IP, MAC., MAC ARP. ARP ARP ARP 2. A B MAC, ARP. MAC IP.., ARP,., IP IP, MAC ARP A., IP MAC ARP, MAC ARP. ARP IP MAC,. ARP
12 10: ARP, TCP/IP MAC, IP. 7 ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol) ICMP. ICMP IP. IP(Internet Protocol).,.,,,. IP IP, ICMP. ICMP 1.,, 2. 7.1 ICMP ( 3) IP IP,, ICMP (ICMP Destination Unreachable Message). Network Unreachable ( 0), Host Unreachable ( 1)., IP, IP.
13 1: ICMP 7.2 ICMP ( 11) IP, (TTL: Time To Live). 1 1, 0 IP. IP, ICMP Time Exceeded Message,.,. 11: ICMP
14 7.3 ICMP ( 0, 8), IP. ICMP Echo Message ( 8), ICMP Echo Reply Message ( 0). ping (Packet InterNetwork Groper). : ICMP,, TTL, ping 12: ICMP 8,,. TCP/IP, TCP UDP. TCP, UDP,. IP. (IP),,., IP TCP, UDP., TCP, UDP.. 8.1 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP IP., UDP,,,.,.,,., UDP..
15 UDP,.,.,., UDP. LAN (, ) 8.2 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP,. TCP,,,. TCP UDP,. UDP,,, TCP., IP. TCP : ( ) ( ),. TCP.,,. UDP,, UDP., TCP.,,.,,. TCP,, TCP., 7. 8.3 IP, MAC, IP. MAC, IP TCP/IP.
16 13: TCP...,.. Web,, telnet.,,,.. 14 1, 2 2. 80. Web 2,,.,., 3 1, IP., IP, TCP UDP., TCP/IP UDP/IP, IP IP, 5
17 14:. 1..,,. HTTP, TELNET, FTP,. (Well-known Port Number). 0 1023., 1024 49151..,,,., 1.,., 49152 65535., 1024..,,. TCP UDP.
18 :, UDP, TCP,,,,,,,,,,, 9, TCP/IP..,.,. 15, 1. 15: 9.1, MAC 6, MAC 6, 2 14. FCS(Frame Check Sequence) 4..,. 2. FCS,. 9.2 IP IP, IP. IP IP. 17.
19 16: 2: : 4. IP. : 4. IP 4. IP 20 IP 5. : 8.,.
20 17: IP (IPv4) : IP IP. : 16..,. : 3.. : 13.. (TTL) : 8. TTL 1, 0. : 8.. 3. : 16. IP. IP : 32. IP. IP : 32. IP. :.. : 32, 0, 32.
21 3: :. IP (TCP ). 9.3 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP TCP,,,. TCP.,, TCP., IP. TCP : ( ) ( )
22,. TCP 18: TCP.,,. TCP.,,.,,. TCP,, TCP., 7. TCP 19 TCP. TCP. TCP IP TCP,. : 16. : 16.
23 19: TCP : 32.,. : 32.,. : TCP. TCP. :. 0. : 6, UGR, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN, FIN. 1,. : 16, TCP,.. 9.4 UDP UDP 20.,,,. TCP,,., TCP., UDP.
24 20: UDP 9.5 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) ARP ARP. IP, MAC., MAC ARP. ARP ARP ARP 2. A B MAC, ARP. MAC IP.., ARP,., IP IP, MAC ARP A., IP MAC ARP, MAC ARP. ARP IP MAC,. ARP, TCP/IP MAC, IP. : MAC, IP, ARP, IPv4,,,,, IP, ARP ARP 22., IP MAC. :,,,,,, TTL,,,
25 21: ARP 22: ARP