.. 第 5 章 日 本 近 代 浮 橋 1 2 3 ( 2 ) 5 (1858) 3 (5.4m) 67 ( 120m) 5 5 3 (1863)8 (1868) ( 1 3 1 ) 3 ( ) 132 4 132 (1818 1829) 5 33 100 6 66 37 4 11 4 1 21 4 25 16 (1883)2 7 19 ( 12 4 1 1) 46 ( 29 4 13) 49 1
2 5 4 8 3 (1968)2 3 ( )8 ( 7 ) (1868)9 12 735 ( ) 2 59 8 836 4 (1872)4 202 12 648 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 21 2 4 27 4 1 5 32 2 3 2
( ) 1 ( ) 10 10 1 ( ) 2 24 1 1720 2 9 11 (1878) 3 2 22 1 1 5 6 2 3 4 B A A B 1,430 43 7 163 40 346 396 50 2 1,380 138 163 40 341 396 55 3 1,325 133 163 40 10 346 396 50 4 1,275 127 163 40 10 340 396 56 5 1,219 122 163 40 15 340 396 56 6 1,163 116 163 40 15 334 396 62 7 16 802 80 163 40 44 327 396 69 10 3
17 408 41 163 40 70 314 396 82 18 326 33 163 40 70 306 396 90 19 236 24 163 40 70 297 396 99 20 136 14 163 40 40 257 393 136 20 1691 3,260 800 735 7,917 1720 2 1. 2. 10 6 3. 2 22 3 4. 5. 396 1 3 13 2 1 365 1 360 300 440 6. 20 47 147 147 8 20 1 11 (1878) 17 14 62 15 66 16 81 10 ( ) 11 23 (1890) ( ) ( ) 34 (1901)9 72 (131m) 2 (3.6m) 12 40 (1907) 2 3 4
2 3 10 10 3 4 6 (1873) ( ) 6 4 ( ) ( ) 9 (1876) 60 3 1 2 3 ( ) 13 (1880) 38 5
(bond) 10 3 300 1 10 1 10 17 (2005)4 23 (1890) 30 (1897) 10 ( ) 1 4 (1927) 6
1. ( ) 50 ( 2003 ) 2 ( 1590 1610) 4 (1792)12 4 3 5/278 4 ( 1989 ) 5 1 8 ( 1869 ) 6 ( 1987 ) 7 2062 15 8 2 43 (1968) 54 (1979) 9 ( ) ( ) 13 10 5 (1872) 11 (1878) 17 13 (1880) 3,625 69,994 32,894 1 2.12 1.34 22 著 ( ) 11 23 (1890) 10 (1921) 122 15 (1610) 12 ( 1915 ) 7
1 1 ( 4 4 1868 ) 7 ( ) 2 (1869)7 (2 6 2 4 7 ) ( 4 7 ) 6 (1873)11 6 (1859)6 ( ) 2 6 (1873) 7 8 9 11 12 (1879) 8
20 4 (1871)4 5 7 12 (1879) 11 17 7 17 2 13 (1880) 1 2 ( ) 3 2 (1869)3 ( ) 4 (1868)4 7 4 5 ( ) 10 2 7 16 (1883) 6 ( ) 38 ( 69m) ( 9
16 11 20 ) 5 11 (1872 78) ( ) ( ) 7 3 11 ( ) ( ) 2 (1616) ( ) ( ) 3 25 (1892) 12 (1923) ( 1 1 3 ) 7 (1874) 12 (1879) 11 8 9 3 16 (1883) 70 ( 127m) 40 ( 73m) 2 44 (1911) ( ) 6 16 2 17(1884) 3 ( ) ( ) 9 (1876) 17 (1884) 19 46 49 114 12 4 1 1 1 29 4 13 10 (1877) ( ) ( ) 11 ( ) 14 3 23 ( ) ( ) ( 36 ) 14 9 4 ( ) 4 2 2 2 16 (1883)2 17 15 4 1 2 5 ( )1,500 1 2 10
400 200 1 2,000 9 12 (1879)6 ( ) ( 5 ( ) ( 6 ) ( ) ( 9 ) 3 4 4 3 4 1 2 2 M76 3/3 12 (1879)7 12 ( ) ( ) 14 (1881)1 16 (1884) 12 7 11 ( )21 8 ( 1 ) 1 6 ( ) 1 1 5 ( 9 ) 1 1 8 ( ) 1 1 8 3 15 (1882)3 ( ) ( ) ( 45 (87.3m) 1 (3m)) 13 14 1 6 9 10 (1877) 15 10 (22 /10kg) 100 11 15 143 197 358 245 155 5 2.2 20 8 (1875) 10 3 5 6 ( )6 7 6 6 1 2 1752 22 (18894 1 1 2 6 (2 ) 1 1 2 1 3 2 1 4 5 6 (1873) 9 (1876) 11
11 10 (1877)2 10 ( ) ( 8 1 11 8,076 13 5,223 1 8,446 5.2 440 8 (1875)5 ( ) 10 2 4 11,492 78 6 ( )449 90 549 90 2 100 25 ( ) 7 (1918) ( 17 ) ( ) ( 4 ) 300m 12 7 13 ( ) 11 2 1 15 3 9 (1920) 14 2 ( 25.4 46m) 1 ( 7.4 13.5m) 15 ( 712 1,294m) 8 ( 37.9 68.9m) 361 ( 1610.8 2,928.4m) 9 ( 317.5 577.2m) ( )7 ( 892.0 1,621.7m) 93 67.3 (RC) NPO(nonprofit organization) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 15 12
6 (1873)11 2,800 18 (1885)3 6,000 5,500 11,500 350 5,500 17 16 7 24 17 24 (1891) 14 2 20 ( ) 4 11 1 ( ) ( ) 3 138 ( ) 13
( ) 17 (1884)7 12 1546 15 ( ) 18 19 23 (1890)4 ( ) 15 16 槗 20 12 1 2 3 5 ( ) 4 5 6 7 8 17 7 14
8 9 ( ) 10 ( ) 11 12 4 8 10 2 11 10 12 槗 17 (1884)3 8 ( ) 11 16 16 (1883)11 (1844 1892) 17 2 (1838 1922) 3 3 ( ) 16 (1883)3 21 16 3 15
( ) 16 16(1883) 7 ( JR ) ( ) ( ) 17 ( ) 3 17 7 5 ( ) 22 23 17 7 5 17 7 23 7 10 11 22 9 10 17 7 9 12 槗 7 8 14km 10 24 (1891) 22 17 39 (1906) 7 24 (1891)6 24 15 ( ) 4 ( ) 5 (1930) 16 (2004) ( 936m 4 ) 26 (1893)9 17 (1884) 25 16
2 24 1 26 1893 1546 29 11 16 26 3 1 26 (1893) 26 3 4 24 16 28 24 17 1,700m 16 3 ( ) ( ) 3,312 20 3,505 60 4 1 1 30 33 40 35 45 17
44 27 27 30 15 27 30 40 30 35 1 6 1 3 1 4 ( ) 10 13 23 11 2 24 2 9 192 5,991 1 31 20 5,102 (1 26.6 ) 1 (0.3m) 1 17 4 (3 88 /m) 1 4 50 52 4 2 7 1 35 92 (4,206 /117 ) 1 1 28 8 (4,206 /3,452 ) 1 29.5 (8,94m) 21 (1888) 10 4 (9.2m) 9 (2.7m) 7.11 ( ) ( ) 18
( ) 2 2 24 2 3 (5.4m 4 (1.21m) / ( )4.50 28 3 (9.1m) 4.5 (1.35m) 6.67 ( ) 29 5 (9.1m) 6 (1.81m) 6.67 30 3 2 5 (9.9.8m) 4.5 (1.35m) 6.67 31 3.5 (6.3m) 6 (1.8m) 3.50 32 5 3 (9.9m) 4.5 (1.4m) 7.333 33 3 (5.4m) 6 (1.8m) 3.00 ( ) 34 2 6 (10.8m) 1 2 (2.4m) 4.50 3 5 (9m) 1 (1.8m) 5.00 5 6.5 30 (9m) 20 (6m) 1 60 1 30 1 ( 16 ) 4 16 7 2 50 ( 17 ) 1 17 / ( 23 ) 90 / ( ) ( 19 ) 72 7 13 1 38 9 ( 19 ) 1 52 3 30 36 2 22 2 ( 2 ) 6 7 1 1 46 4 6 7 4,206 3,452 1 1 13 3 1 10 / (3 70 /m) 1 3.8 4 16 7 / 15 (1882)12 32 20 1,600 (1 80 2 50 / ) 2.3 3.8 19 (1886)3 100 1,500 52 / ( ) 21 19
(6.36m) 6 (1.82m) 3.5 60 60 32 ( ) 18 4 20 15 1,600 475 1,125 2.5 4 4 3.8 3,505 60 5 175 100 50 50 2.1 75 25 50 75 17 (1884)3 17 7 5 1 35 30 40 214 27 278 1 6 342 2 24 3 8 (1919) 1 9 13 2 24 3 9 1119 1 ( ) 2. 300. 12 16 13,171 55 3.686 4,286 600. 362 12 17 4,160 34 18,016 18,125 109. 42. 9 2 2,500 10 1,090 840 250 } 1 2 { 20
35 3,505 60 4 13,171 3.7 37 1 268 3.7 3,686 600 10 25 9 (1934) 4,160 3,312 20 847 80 36 1 23 55 18,016 18,125 109 11 1922 ( ) 1 9 1119 18 11 4 (1915) 7 18 13 5 18 2 24 3 3 3 ( ( ) ( )) ( ( ) ( )) ( ) ( ) ( )) 4 21
26 (1893)9 ( ). 1736 9 16(1883) 3 3,505 60 4 10 27 ( ) 1,368 99 3 1,546 27 2 ( ) 177 27 9 1,323 28 9 3,716 38 4 222 98 3 6 16.3 28 4,434 8 6 6 266 5 1 1 717 70 2 33 (1900) 3 ( 11 ) 4 8 6 13 (1880) 10 6 (1873) 5 15 60 66 5.5 6 15 7 10 6 8 26 (1893)9 1736 1 25 26 1 1 2 (12 5 ) 1 4 8 16 36 31 ( ) 37 2 2 24 4 2 24 5 ( ) 51 ( 93m) 9 ( 2.7m) 16 (1833) 18 16 7 43 (1910) 27 3. 16 7 7 [ 1910 1] 12 23 (1890)12 21 [ 1910 3] 30 (1897)8 3 [ 1910 32] 30 [ 1910 33 40] 31 7 22
30 6 31 1 43 (1910) 27 44 1 5 1 1 3 5 1 5 11 (1878)1 1 3 5 1 9 5 27 (1894) 3km 62 (112.7m) 2 (3.6m) 4 2884 2 6 [ 1909] 43 (1910) 7 (1918) 44 (1911)7 9 62 (113m) 12 (3.6m) 2,551 2 551 2,296 559 24 4 3 25 4 3 1,089 28 5 1,179 65 313 38 7 564 26 2 24 4 775 39 8 615 39 1 2 [ 1910] 24 95 36 8 107 92 5 58 65 3 27 42 9 24 207 25 9 80 88 5 68 85 3 183 26 4 9 2,296 1,737 559 2,551 44 7. 18.7 1. 2. 2 24 (bolt) 2 24 5 [ 1909] (1) (2) (1) (2) 27 2,981 80 6 29 12 8 12 28 12 698 43 8 507 24 9 182 18 9 2,799 61 7 27 12 8 29 659 485 174 2625 3 6 12 58 9 9 48 1 30 12 645 90 5 915 6 269 11 1 2,894 24 7 396 76 1 31 108 64 5 108 64 5 3,002 89 2 31 1 30 9 1,080 973 107 3,579 38 5 [1119] [ 1909] 31 23
27 997 56 377 620 2,900 7 3 3,000 7 9 (1920) 60 12 28 5 27 5 3. 21 (1888)1 22 4 ( 5,000 880 ) 10 3 3 1 23 1 30 ( ) 5,883 5,000 880 3 5,804 61 9 4,610 62 1 2 94 61 8 59 59 181 19 4946 1 9 85 59 59 78 38 1 23 629 4 5 527 42 3 101 62 2 255 3 2 ( 48.3 ) 111 59 8 (21.2 ) 53 72 6 (10.2 ) 48 97 9 (9.3 ) (15 88 9 ) (15 ) (12 96 ) (7 24 ) 58 8 8 (11.0%) 880 9.3 1 5.6 8 23 1 700 1,580 5.6 88 50 7,385 ( 1 1 2 ) 25 20 30 (1898)11 6 10 5 5 30 11 30 ( ) 30 19 22 11 19 23 (1890) 10 (1921) 31 3 24
( ) ( ) 38 4 39 7 ( 7 ) 164 40 ( ) 130 ( 31,100 ) 357 2 2 273 1 80 1 100 295 41 42 2 (1869)7 ( 6.36 4.84 ) 4.3662 1 1.5g 4 (1871) 1 1 (100 ) 10 80 8 6 (1873) 25 (1892) 7 165. 1 100 1 124 1 150 29 (1896) 4 7 4 11 6 (1873) 13 15 (1882) 7 1 7 1 2 1 1 5 24 (1891) 10 9 30 (54.5m) 2 (3.6m) 30cm 10 6 11 (1878) ( ) ( ) 10 6 (1.8m) 50 2 ( ) 7 170 43 44 7 1 1 7 5 1 2 1 1 5 5 25
30 7 181 7 182 22 191 ( ) 43 3 183 7 ( ) 1,485 29 45 38 1 10 440 (44 ) ( ) ( ) 185 186 ( 1905 11) 4 ( ) 40 188 5 45 47 3 158,674 7 5 3 59,264 14,152 191 3 (1914) ( 30 (55m) ) 36 94 2.6 5 191 187 3 ( 0.9m) 5 ( 1.5m) 43 8 26
31 ( ) 6 (1873) 5 1 10 2,500 23 1890 42 27 43 4 12 5 4 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 6 ( ) 6 45 6 20 12 18 46 15 (1882) 16 1 12 30 9 40 8 27 (1894) 1 2 2 1 1 4 2 1 6 36 1 4 (1871) 1 24 2 4 33 (1900)1 32 4 12 47 3 4 30 4 10 37 7 10 30 (1912)11 2 40 (1907) 1 1912 7 15 13 (1924) 48 27
49 19 7 22 5 ( ) 4 1 50 25 3 (1803) ( ) 20 51 ( ) ( ) ( 113 ) 24 (1891)8 ( ) ( ) 18 24 25 17 96 (175m) 1 8 1 5 2 1 5 6 35 11 37 7 3 38 3 4 (1929) 131m 5.5m 16 52 23 (1890) 28 (1895) ( ) 37 (1904) 53 5 5 (1872) 54 4 7 55 155 (282.7m) 58 116 3 13 24 ( 153 ) 7 (2.1m) 34 5 (1.5m) 2,427 7 2 (2407 7 2 ) 2 4,320 1 8 1 720 2 730 4,380 1 365 80 3,500 2,407 7 1 2 10 481 41 4 3 2 300 3188 48 5 3 2 1,131 51 4 8 10 2,427 2 28
300 10 100 1 500 3 6 11 7 2 2,700 55 1 9 2 1 1 3 9 (1876)9 200 10 11 3 12,224 38 6 1 9 1 2 1 1 3 1 8 5 10 17 (1884) 18 4 (1868 ) 6 11 2 4 (1871)4 5 11 3 5/278 2 3 ( ) 4 (1864) 4 (1868)4 7 5 1/58 10 2 3 6 76 3/3 7 3/233 8 ( 1878 ) 9 M76 10 ( ) S 1 11 5. 1 ( 1994 ) 12 2 ( 1990 ) 13 39 (1909) 4 8 (1919) ( 58 ) 9 14 1119 15 ( 1996 ) 5 16 76 3/3 29
1744 17 1720 4 1708 1720 4 18 1720 2 13.11.11 19 2 (1869 ) 22 (1947) 4 8 1 260 3,872 16 16 (1883) 3,750 5.2 195 20 1546 ( ) 17 21 1736 7 16.2.10. 22 7 (1874) 8 (1874) 9 (1875) 11 (1878) 23 1546 1546 3 17.7.5. 24 1744 24 6 ( 1329 ) 25 1546 31 26.6.26. 26 1736 9 26.9.18. 27 2941 28 1546 1 17.7.5 29 1766 1 22.4.30 12 30 1744 31 1751 1 19.11.10 32 1761 1 21.8.6 33 1720 2 34 1762 1 22.12.20 35 ( ) 30
36 1910 1 40 ( 16 31 ) 37 1909 1 34 ( 27 32 ) 38 ( ) 735 1 39 38 40 7 ( 1981 ) 41 10 1 4 12 19 100 8 4 1 ( )1 1 80 1 8 42 1879 1 43 2 22 2 44 6 (1873) 14 (1881) 2 ( ) 45 6 2 13 (1827 99) 10 4 37 14 ( 1967 ) 46 11 6 ( 1964 ) 1 47 28 ( 1974 ) 2 48 12 7 ( 1966 ) 2 49 ( 1990 ) 50 ( 1980 ) ( 1984 ) 51 36 ( 1979 ) 52 10 5 ( 1965 ) 53 4 ( 1997 ) 54 ( 1996 ) 1 5 31
55 1 1. 197 6 6 1999 32
1 4 (1929) 1 4 2 3 4 5 41 1 4 (1926) 3 (1928) 7 23 1 (17 ) 360 2 6 (16 ) 280 3 (23 ) 256 4 7 ( ) 240 5 18 8 187 5 (37 ) 6 9 134 (16 ) 7 101 (19 ) 124 (41 ) 1km 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 4 6. 41 17 7 33
24 4 ( 7 ) ( 34 ) ( 43 ) ( 3 ) ( 21 ) 2 ( ) 16 (1883)2 17 4 1 1 1 19 ( )29 4 13 46 49 7 (1874)8 20 18 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 19 1 30 (162m) 2 (3.6m) 11 20 ( ) 5 ( ) 6 ( ) 9 ( ) 3 11 6 21 3 8 (1875) 11 (1878) 22 ( ) ( ) 5 (1858) 8 (1975) 38 (68.4m) 6 44 (1911) ( ) 1km 2 11 (1875)10 23 24 11 25 ( ) 12 34
(bascule bridge) 2 12 (1879) 33 (1959) 80 26 ( ) ( ) 7m 3m ( 2.33)8 50m 29 (1954) 33 (1958) 16 (1883)3 1 7 ( 21mm) 200 ( 364m)2 38 /m 3mm 125 (225m) ( 25 30mm)130 (234m) 25 (1892) 27 ( 7mm ) 40m 30 83 (80 /m) 28 1m 4kg ( 234m 937.5kg) 237 50 1kg 25 3 1m 1 25 35 1kg 4 3 5 (1930) 29 ( 18mm) 100kg8 60 1kg 90 1 2 25 4 1 30 1 27 1m( 4 ) 1 3.3 33,000 /m 830,000 200 4 2006 2 60,000 / 14 4 ( ) 35
5 (9m) 1 (30cm) ( ) 5 (15cm) 6 1 3 5 2 8 3 1 2 杬 ( ) 29 ) 3 ( V ) 31 ( 杬 ) 1 11 3 ( ) ( ) 3 ( 杬 ) ( ) 14 (1881) ( ) ( ) 32 ( ) 2 2 8 (1919) 6 3 354 ( ) ( ) 2 19 (1886) 23 (1890) 5 33 ( ) ( ) (54m 9 (2.7m) 4 2 10 25 (1892)5 20 ( 1751 50 ) 34 12 ( 22m) 24 171 ( 311m) 195 ( 355m) 2 (2 3 ) 6 (10.9m) 1 6 ( 10.9m) 2 3 23 35 4 5 19 23 5 36
24 24 11 6 36 22 (1889) 10 (1921) 32 245 (445.4m) 170 (309.0m) 75 (136.4m) 2 (4.6m) 41 ( 5 5 ) ( 6 1 6 ) 1 4 (7.3m) 3 (5.45m) 2 (7.2m) 1 (30cm) 2 245 (445m) 55 300 (545m) 1 15 (27m) ( ) 31 36 3,146 35 7 346 64 3 3,500 4 8 9 (1876)11 ( ) 37 ( ) ( ) ( ) 16 (1883)6 18 19 (1886) ( ) 38 19 6 2 1 9 9 11 4km 39 11 1878 10 2 13 2 40 9 (1920) 3 16 (1883) 41 8 (1875) ( ) ( ) 1 1 1 1 5 2 23 (1890)7 42 40 10 ( 5 10m) 37
2 (6 10.8m) 1 1 8 杬 ( 38cm) 8 3 1 1 ( ) 1 6 ( 11m) 9 ( 2.7m) ( ) 3 ( 5 3 ) 1 3 (39cm) 23 31 (1898) 43 2 2 4 ( sandal) ( ) ( ) ( 33 ) ( 37 ) 44 ( ) 27 (1894) ( ) 4 4 2 2 22 (1889) ( ) 24 (1889) 22 44 22 ( ) 24 5 20 25 45 17(5.6m) 15 (4.5m) 6 (1.8m) 700 ( ) 38
45 149 35 (1902)11 ( ) 35 11 ( 151 ) 66 (120m) 7 5 (2.27m) 11 4 38 (1905)3 10 10 15 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 46 38 11 ( 157) 11 52 38 11 159 ( ) 6 (10.9m) 11m 47 100 32 100 100 4 ( ) 48. 7 49. 7 49 7 7 20 50 20 51 5 52 4 (1871)10 ( 5 ) ( ) ( 7 165) 5 60 (109m) 9 (2.7m) 5 (9,1m) 4 ( 1.2m) 7.5 39
1 100 53 1 124 4 11 80 ( 145m) 12 29 (1896) 14 (1939) 2 49 (1974) 268.85m 12.8 2 3 1 ( 9 3 1 1 R 8.14) 1 ( 7 2 5 1 R 7.42) 2 3 5 ( ) ( ) 7 168 ( ) 5 45 ( 82m) 2 ( 3.6m) 15 9 (1876) 12 44 ( 80m) 1 ( 3m) 7 (1824) 170 1 ( ) 3 44 4 54 7. 1 7 5 1 2 2 2 5 ( ) 4 118 ( 215m) 2 (3.6m) 4 3 20 50 ( 91m) 2 20 28 ( 51m) 3 9 22 ( 40m) 8 18 ( 33m) 170 6 (1873)11 44 46 23 (1890) 61 1 ( 111m) 1 ( 3m) 7 鏁 40
55 24 (1909) ( ) ( ) 2 6 36 112 ( 204m) 2 ( 3.6m) 9 30 ( 55m) 2 ( 3.6m) ( ) 191 30 ( 54.5m) ( 200 12 ) ( 183 12 ) ( ) ( ) 8 (1875) 6 11 13 6 (1873) ( ) 15 60 ( 109m) 1 3 ( 2.7m) 22 ( ) 4 ( ) ( ) 10 25 ( 45m) 9 (2.7m) 8 26 ( 47m) 9 (2.7m) 1 7 (1874) ( ) 17 60 ( 109m) 1 ( 3m) 6 ( ) 7 (1874) ( ) 11 40 ( 73m) 6 ( 1.8m) 7 (1874) ( 22 ( ) ( ) 8 13 45 3 ( 83m) 9 ( 2.7m) 9 (1876) ( ) 17 60 ( 109m) 9 (2.7m) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) () () () () () () () () ( ) ( ) 9 (1876) 8 30 ( 55m) 9 ( 2.7m) 56 4 (1747) 8 (1875) 41
10 ( ) 10 40 ( 73m) 8 ( 2.4m) ( ) 11 (1878) 4 11 ( ) 10 50 ( 91m) 6 ( 1.8m) 11 (1878) ( ) 22 ( 40m) 9 ( 2.7m) 9 ( ) ( ) 7 30 ( 55m) 1 ( 3m) ( ) 7 80m(44 ) 3m(1 ) 4 3 (1928) 12 (1879) 30 (54.5m) 10 (3.0m) 7 ( ) 12 16 (1883) 6 (1917) 13 (1880) ( ) 43 (1910) ( ) 15 45 ( 82m) 1 3 ( 2.7m) 11 (1878) 6 (1873)6 7 15 90m(50 ) 2.7m(1 ) 8 (1875) ( ) ( 1981 ) ( ) 650 191 ( ) ( ) 43 (1910) ( ) 9 (1876)7 ( ) ( ) 21 65 ( 118m) 2 ( 3.6m) 8 24 (1949) 3 ( 191) 36 (1903) 101 ( 184m) 12 (3,6m) 42
57 ( ) DNA 172 50 3 348 10 4 ( ) 511 28 146 5 ( 1859) ( ) 58 5 (1872) 15 45 ( 82m) 2 ( 3.6m) 12 (1879) 78 (142m) 2 (3.6m) 25 24 (1891) 13 (1880) ( ) 12 ( 1981 ) 2 2 ( ) ( ) 15 2 20m 7 174 ( ) 4 ( ) ( ) 2 ( 1881 84) 4 14 1.4km 15 (1882) 14 (1926) 7 176 15 5 43
( ) 11 ( 33 ) 2 ( 3.6m) 14 172 3 ( 314m) 86 3 ( 157m) 43 ( 78m) 6 ( 11m) 1 7 1 2 1 2 1 25 ( 177) 31 ( ) 6 (1873) 5 1 10 250 2,500 23 (1890) 42 27 43 (1910) 7 178 16 12 30 ( 55m) 18 5 2 25 191 30 2 (1913)12 31 14 5 7 2 194 13 12 100 ( 182m) 26 20 1 5 21 (1888) ( ) 21 ( ) 218m 2.7m( 5.4m ) 7 28 41 (1908) 43 (1910)9 254 ( 462m) 16 ( ) 75 ( 136m) 62 44 33 30 (1897) ( ) 4,5m 4.7 3 (1914)12 36 (1903) 36 ( 65m) 7 ( 2.1m) 2 44
5 5 (1872) 59 60. 11m 19 (1886) 10 55 (100m) 1 (2.73m) 5 2 23 (1890)11 5 28 (1895) 21m 17 7 (1932) 5 (1896 1933) 27. 28 (1895)5 ( ) (202m) (3.6m) 15 (1841 1908) 25,000 61 4 38 (1905) ( ) 37 (1904) 41 (1908) 37 13 93 (167m) 20 (6m) 13 ( ) ( ) 62 63 14 (1925) 50km 22 (1947)9 15 (Catherine) 64 38 (1905) 7km 20 45
43 (1910) 6 (1931) 5km ( saddle) 31 (1898) 4 (2 2 ) 2 25 (1902) 6 65 10 (1877)9 ( ) 66 2 ( ) ( ) 1 1 5 19 11 ( 1 16 ) ( ) ( ) 67 21 6 11 75 (136m) 6 8 65 23 (1890) 167 11 (1878) 68 46
6 30 ( ) ( ) ( ) 12 12ft(3.6m) 7 15 (1882) ( ) 2 69 ( ) ( ) 80 (145.4m) 5 (9.1m) 3 5 (1.01m) ( 8.57)13 ( ) 5 (9.1m) 4 3 (1.3m) ( 6.98)13 85 (154.5m) ( 8 (1875) 4 (1915)7 70 8 (1875) ( ) ( ) ( ) 9 10 (1877)4 11 4,731 63 5 15 (1882) 57 (103.6m) 9 (2.7m) 17 27 (1894) 8 (1933) 71 35 (1902) ( ) ( ) 53 (96.4m) 9 (2.7m) 157 8 (1875)8 ( ) ( ) 72 34 (1901) 15 ( ) ( ) 175 8 7 (1874) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4 9 (1876) 11 47
(1878)3 646 (1,174m) 12 2 7 11 ( ) 100m 43.6m ( ) 12 ( ) 5 7 (long rink chain) 17 (1884) 10 ( ) 9 (1804 18) 18 4 6 (1873) 13 73 4 13 2 (1923) 38 74 2 (1913) 25, 艜 2m 艜 26 5 ( 8m) 5 5 (1.67m) 4.8 800 (3 ) 艜 15 (1882) 1 315 ( ) 1 40 2 (1913) 48
4. ( ) 11 (1878) 24 167m 4m 30 22 (1889) 33 (1958) 14 (1369) ( ) ( ) 75 ( ) (1859 1931) 27 (1894) 76 1 ()9 77 35 (1902) 34 (1959) 3 ( 12.6 6.0 ) 1 ( 1929 ) 2 2. 2 1. 6 (667) 3 3 6 4 12 (1879) 8 (1919) 5 10. 6 7 5 (1872) 24. 3 8 49
(1804 18) 18 9 10 34 15 175 11 12 ( ) 13 7 14 ( ) ( ) 6 4 (1561) 4 ( ) 15 15 16 24 (1891) 113 133m 艜 13 22 9 (1934) 艜 ( 2005 ) 17 ( ) 11 24 167 4m 30 22 33 18 1/ 19 10 20 44 21 M76 1/3 22 ( ) 23 2 1 2 1 4 24 18 (1885) 8 25 M76 3/3 26 1991 27 1736 15 25.11.30 28 1546 30 26.3.9 3 29 6 ( 1930 ) 30 杬 杬 杬 杬 杬 杬 50
31 ( ) 3 6 4 32 1720 6. 33 1751 1 19.11.10 34 1751 7 25.5.20 35 1766-1 22.4.30 12 36 1766 14 17 37 4 1 ( 1975 ) 38 5 2 ( 1975 ) 39 M76 1/3 40 ( 1917 ) 41 1910 1 16.6.22 42 1910 3 23.12.26 43 1910 30 31.2.1 44 1720 4 45 1 ( 1962 ) 46. 7 ( 1987 ) 47 21 ( 1982 ) 48 17 (1884) 88 11 (1937) 1. 2. 3. 3 ( 1938 ) 49. 7 1 2 3 ( 1981 82 ) 50.20 ( 1990 ) 51 20 ( 1979 ) 52 5 ( 1971 ) 53 ( )16 1 100 6 1 (1.8L) 5 46 3 15 1 1.8L 54 31 55 ( 1997 ) 1 ( 1979 ) 56 ( 1992 ) 57 ( ) 58 () 59 3 3 ( 2001 ) 60 7 4 1 ( 1996 ) 61 28 (2003 6 ) 62 63 51
63 著 ( 1994 ) 64 22 (1947)9 15 1,930 65 6 ( 1985 ) 66 ( ) 67 ( 2004 ) 68 (Isabella Lucy Bird:1831 1904) 著 ( 1973 ) 著 3 3 ( 2002 ) 69 ( 1915 ) 70. 10 1 ( 1983 ) 71 ( ) ( 1981 ) 72..5 3 4 9 73 184 著 ( 1981 ) 1987 74 ( 1972 ) ( 1974 ) 75 ( 1967 ) 76 mori-net.jp/teijyu/rekishi.ht 77 ( 1916) 52
29 (1896) 8 (1919) 58 9 4 39 (1909) 4 23 6 (1917) 5 13 (1924) 5 5 (1916) 14 (1925) 210 3 (1928) 577 1 6 (1917)11 5 158 1 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8 (1919) 8 5 19 2 3 9 (1920) 2 ( ) 6 102 17 4 ( ) 110 2 ( 8 10 ) ( 16 5 ) ( 16 9 ) ( 16 11 ) ( 23 10 ) ( 25 12 ) ( 12 8 ) ( 9 6 ) ( 6 ) ( 11 6 ) ( 31 7 ) ( 38 3 ) ( 14 29 ) 12 (1912) 9 2 ( 10 (1921) ) 3 ( 4 10 ) ( 4 10 ( 12 38 ) 3 40 (1907)8 43 ((1910) (1612) 4 6 (1931) 8 (1919) 5 53
( ) ( ) ( 16 9 ) ( 7 39 ) ( 34 43 ) ( 44 54 ) ( 9 6 ) ( 7 ) ( 39 ) ( 3 13 ) ( 14 29 ) 9 ( 3 13 ) ( 21 39 ) 5 3 (1928) 13 (1938) 11 42.6m 3.14m 400mm 3 14 (1891) ( ) 29 (1954) 27 (1952) 6 4 38 (1905) 3 (1928) 122 7 (1932) ( ) ( ) 7 15 (1926) 2 12 (1623)9 1 5 1,080m 47 39 (1964) 8 35 1960 48 (1973) 9 17 (2005) 6 (1931)3 10 20 246 ( ) 11 ( 1954 ( ) 12 (1860 1940) 1 2 2 13 11 10 7 1 9 ( ) ( ) 2 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) 26 ( 11 12 3 ) 3 54
3 5 2 2,000 1 3 26 ( ) 3 5 3 5 3 5 6 6 5 300 1 1 3,000 3 (12km) 6 (24km) 1 1 1 2 1 5 7 (1932)4 10 (1935)9 2/3 11 80 2 3 12 1 ( ) 2 14 (1939)9 1 3 9 ( ) 13 (1938)9 1 14 9 1 3 5 14 14 12 15 (1940)1 15 15 2 3 16 (1941)7 17 11 18 10 11 20 (1945) 1 16 17 21 (1946)6 21 ( ) 11 22 9 15 24 (1949) 28 (1953)1 7 21 39 (1964) ( ) ( ) 39 (196)2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 (1990) 900m 2 26 1 18 19 55
30 (1955) 4 ( ) 33 (1958) 42 (1967)5 18 195m 4m 7 9 ( ) 20 40 (1965)5 3 3 15m 43 (1968) ( ) ( ) 2 20 6 15 10 15 2 263m 1 42 10 11 21 50 12 54 (1974) 22 2 5 8 50 11 15 ( ) 5 (1858) 2 6 (1917) (1917) ( ) 23 5km 2 5 11 ( ) 1 2 6 (1931( 11 (1936) ( ) 24 5 (1916)9 12 ( ) 7 8 25 3 (1867)8 ( ) 9 (1876) 27 (1894) 14 (1925) 5 26 5 1 3 (1928) ( bascule bridge) 26 56
8 (1933) 8 4 6 2 75 77 78 91 2 (1913) 2 10 (1935) 52 (1977) 226m 5.5m 5 2 18m ( ) 27 (1922 ) 62 (1987) 28 8 (1695) 20 (1945) 5 3 10 15 44 (1969) 10 5 20 45 (1970) 300m 28 1 3 ( 1988 ) 2 3 1119 4 42 (1909) (1912) 3 (1928) 5 9 (1920) 6 (1931) 6 3 2 7 著 ( 1960 ) 8 ( 2005 ) 9 ( 1973 ) 10 6 (1931)3 (20 )240 57
12 9 1 9 27 (1857 1929) 13 2 5 4 7 3 31 20 8 240 10,560 11 ( ) (1894 1984) ( ) 12 ( ) 38 (1905) 1 2 2 3 2/3 13 2 1 500 2 5 6 13 (1924) 4 14 3 5 15 15 1 15 14 5 16 1 20 1 1 20 B29 2 B29 70 19 11 24 B29 20 8 1. 1919 ロ 1935 1940 12 2. ( ) 17 12 ( ) 18 ( 2004 ) 19 14 / ( 1997 ) 20 58
10 (1921) 21 39 42 10 14 73 42 11 13 42 11 15 8 50 12 26 22 10 ( )70 120 ( )150 ( )200 250 5 15 ( )100 23 24 (1763 1840) 3 (1660) 1 6 ( ) ( ) 25 7 26 26 ( 26 10 3 10 ) 27 28 29 著 ( 1993 ) 59
(1862 1922) 23 (1890)8 17 ( ) 1 8 9 25 ( ) 21 (1888) (1866 1921) 35 (1902)5 ( 1 )5 2 5 28 3 (1896 1933) 4 (1871 1930) ( ) T ( ) W ( ) ( 17 1974 11 12 ) ( 29 1993 95 ) 34 (1901) ( ) ( ) 2 30 (1897)4 (1871 1908) ( ) 5 4 30 6 23 40 (1907) 彽 60
( 122 ) ( ) ( ) 23 (1890) 10 (1921) 17 (1884) 11 (1922) 16 9 12 8 11 (1878) 8 (1919) 2 2 3. 40 (1907) 23 (1890) 12 (1923) 43 (1910) 56 ( ) (4km) ( ) ( ) 18 (1885) 18 7 19 ( ) 7 (1918) 47 ( ) 8 (1919) 61
T T ( ) 23 (1890) 10 (1921) 8 (1919) A ( ) 2 4 ( ) 3 ( ) 12 (1879)3 18 (1885) (4km) 3 (1914) 8 (1919) 6 9 9 (1907)8 7 (1932) 25 1 2 (1827) 62
( ) (Gustav Flaubert 1821 80) (Emile Zola 1840 1902 (Guy de Maupassant 1850 93) 33 (1899)2 13 ( ) 200 ( 300 ) 50 30 (1890 1971) 8 (1912) (1872 1943) 9 1 13 ( 37 ) ( ) ( ) 10 ( ) ( 2 ( ) ( ) 63
1 2 (1895 1923) (1885 1923) 38 (1905) 41 (1908) 43 (1910) 10 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 ( 5.5m) 2 ( ) 11 7 (1918) 11 (1878) 8 (1919) ( ) ( ) ( ) 8 (1919) (1920) ( ) ( ) 6 (1931) (1873 1937) 12 (39 4 40 12 ) 39 (1906)10 14 (1883 1947) 13 (1906 2001) 14 ( 1891 1970) 64
(1933 2002) 15 16 3 6 35 (1960) 46 (1971) 1 22 ( 1973 ) 2 2 62t 75.9 11.2 5.2 31 10 45 3 4 ( 35 7 12 ) 4 (1895 1933) 37 40 2 1 6 ( 1976 ) 2 9 ( 1974 ) 5 (1875 1962) 2 1. 3 18 23 6 30 7 7 ( 2003 ) 8 ( 11 6 ) 1974 9 32 (1899)27 (1872 1943) 1 1 ( 1981 ) 10 7 (1874) 11 ( 1970 ) 12 ( ) 13 39 (1906)10 40 12 著 ( 1937 ) 65
14 著 ( ) 15 著 ( 1997 ) 16 (1550 1610) ( 1590 1610) 66
1 7 (1874) 2 10 (1877)2 19 (1886) ( 1 ) 3 37 1904 3 4 2 4 1 2 40 600m 2 2 12 29 1945 8 1944 4. 13 (1938) 5 6 ( 1 1 30m 7 (1918) 7 12 34 (1901) 8 4 (1929) 2 (logistics) 67
14 (1939)5 11 ( ) 8 20 ( ) 23 ( ) 9 9 15 2 10 2 11 23 1. 2 3 4 5 6 23 7 7 3 鎦 12 ( ) 2,3 3 2 3 ( ) 1 60m 2.5m ( ) 鎦 60cm 1m 1 1 3 1 68
30 29 7 5 5 30cm ( ) 30kg 40kg (Gerogi Zhukov 1896 1974) 2m 7 4 5 3 2 (scout) 2 12 10 13 ( ) 2 14 ( ) B25 B29 ( ) ( ) 19 (1944)4 12 ( ) 11 23 ( ) 5 25 ( ) 40 69
19 (1944)6 14 6 24 60 P40(Curtis) P38(Lockhead Lightning) Tunchen Pinking 7 B25(North American Mitchell) (FBs) 8 20 B25 4 P51(North American Mustang)7 14 1 20 (1945) 1945 2 ( ) ( ) 15 (15 31 33 ) 5 13 15 21 3 15 31 1 15 5 80 20 3 1 (Chindowin Myi) 600m 1968 70
1973 2 1995 6 (Sava) (Tuzla) 2 2 2,034ft.(10m) Eisenwerk Kaiserslautern (maneuverability) 60 IRB(Improved Ribbon Bridge) 15 2003 3 (the National Guards) IRB IRB (Takrīt) (Tigris) IRB 20 ( ) NATO (2004 4 26 ) M1 (60 ) 100 70 16 92 17 (M2 Alligator) 70 1960 RB(Ribbon Bridge) 1970 5 9 1979 2 2005 4 6 (XINHUANET.com) 18 FSB2000 (Ribon Bridge) 1960 PMP (Ribon Bridge Folding Float Bridge) 100 Chaina Military Online(2005 09 27) 6 6. (Angola) 2003 1 (Kyiv) 12 2 1 No.109 (2006 ) 2 ( 4 ) 6 (1873) 71
3 ( 1985 ) ( 2004 ) 4 1944 ( 1988 ) Handbook on Japanese military forces 5 1 5 3 13 (1938) 6 6 1 2 ( 1998 99 ) 7 ( 1918 ) 8 (1901 ) 9 ( ) (Nomonhan B rd Oboo) 1 1 (Khaalkha) 14 (1939)5 12 700 23 ( ) 7 3 2 4 ( ) ( ) 1 40 ( ) 4 3 4 5 30 40 1 1 3 ( 1970 ) 32 ( 1972 ) ( 1992 ) ( 1998 ) (1999 12 2 3 ) 72
(NHK 2001 ) ( 2009 ) 10 (Karl von Clausewitz 1780 1831) 1812 ( 1938 ) ( 1998 ) ( 1988 ) 11 ( 1991 ) 12 2 (www.3.plala.or.jp/takihome/potoonbrigde.html) IJA(Imperial Japan Army )Type 99 Pontoon Bridge( ) 1939 ( 2699 14 ) 1.045 (L)11.115m (W)7.200m 3 1 1 ( ) 348 2.400m L/W( ) 4.63 4 1944 99 18 130,000 1 1 20,000 900 1 3 (250 ) 1 (50 ) 2 1942 13 14 14 (Chaina Burma India(CBI) Fourteenth Air Force) Combat Chronology of the US Army Air Force 1944 06 B 25 33 (1944) 1944 5 3 7 5 15 IRB 6 2 16 70 ( ) 100m 1970 73
17 92 1960 70 7.0m 2 7.5m 12 4m 104m 60 18 74
( ) ( ) 1 15 (1940 ) ( ) 2 20 1 2 2 25 35 8,000 50 11 (1936)11 15 ( ) 95 (170m) 4 1 2002 2 14 ( ) 13 15m 7.5m ( )10 18 (1943) 59 1 1 300 1 80 (1688 1704) 1997 265m 2.4 63m 75
2002 10 ( )17 60 8 PC 56.37m 4.0m 6 5 PC 2-4 m m m 2 5.6km 9.5km 4 1.5m 4m 53 212m ( ) 50.5m(1 ) 237.5m(2 ) 1.5m 33.3m 2003 3 2,300 54.8m 11.5m 2005 15 (2003)11 2 10 8 ( 2004.7.10) 2 2008 12 20 76.3m 6.2m 76
3 70m 11 2 2 2 2 2,700 46 62 2 1999 1 ( 1983 ) 1 ( 1988 ) 6 2 2 ( 1991 ) 3 28 ( 1982 ) 77
A 8 9 2 7 pontoon bridge PC pre-stressed concrete 1 2 2 2 floating structure 3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion OTEC NLG 78
4 5 A 1 P C pre stressed concrete post tension pre tension PC PC precast concrete 9 9 2 2. PC Police Constable Public Convenience Personal Computer PC 2 3 2005 2004 4 3500m 4000 3 1 2 330 90 30 90 1000 2 4 1909 2001 10 Pacific Geoscience Center and U.S.Georogical Survey 5 B 1 79
CO2 300 markab kabir Ganges Allahābād 12 Kumbh Mela Festival of the Pitcher 1 1 2 2001 144 1 Maha Kumbh Mela 3 1 9 2 22 Yamuna 2 15 1 2 3 1 80
7 8 2004 4 3500m 1 4000m 3 2005 1 2 330 90 30 2 10cm 20cm 81
3 1 Vedic Period amrita the nectar of immortality mela 4 Sangam 12 2001 144 1 3 7 1 9 2 22 2 Vārānāsi 4 4.1 8 3 20 30 82