4 42
2 0. 1. 1.. 1... Grice 1...Leech 4.... Maxim of Tact 5... Maxim of Generosity 5.... Maxim of Approbation 6.... Maxim of Modesty 6.... Maxim of Agreement 6....Maxim of Sympathy 7.... 8 1... Brown Levinson 8.... 9... 9.... 10. 10 ii
13.. 13. 14 3. 15 16. 16 iii
Grice Leech Brown Levinson....Grice Grice 1975 conversational maxims (Cooperative Principle) 1986 150-152 conversational maxims a. Quantity b. Quality c. Relation d. Manner a. Quantity b. Quality iv
c. Relation d. Manner (cf. 1986 1999 1995 1996) Grice 1995 30-31 B: What s the problem? A: I m out of gas. ( ) B: What year is your car? ( ) c. Relation B: Why don t I take you up to the gas station? 1995 32-34 A: We all miss John and Nancy, don t we? ( ) B: Well, we all miss Nancy, but we don t miss John. ( ) B v
B: Well, we all miss Nancy. ( ) B. a. Quantity B A A B ( )1999 254-255 Dear Sir, Mr. X s command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc. a. Quantity Grice Grice implicature vi
. Leech Leech(1983) textual rhetoric interpersonal rhetoric Grice 1975 cooperative principle CP interpersonal rhetoric Leech Grice CP interpersonal rhetoric CP politeness principle PP PP Leech PP politeness principle a. Maxim of Tact Minimize cost to other. Maximize benefit to other. b. Maxim of Generosity Minimize benefit to self. Maximize cost to self. c. Maxim of Approbation Minimize dispraise of other. Maximize praise of other. d. Maxim of Modesty Minimize prize of self. Maximize dispraise of self. e. Maxim of Agreement Minimize disagreement between self and other. Maximize agreement between self and other. f. Maxim of Sympathy Minimize antipathy between self and other. Maximize sympathy between self and other. (Leech 1983 16,132) a b c d e f (1986 198-204) vii
.. Maxim of Tact 2 a. Answer the phone. (Leech 1983 108) b. Will you answer the phone? ( ibid. 108) c. Could you possibly answer the phone? ( ibid. 108) a c a. Peel these potatoes. (Leech 1983 107) b. Sit down. ( ibid. 107) c. Have another sandwich. ( ibid. 107) a c.. Maxim of Generosity Maxim of Generosity Maxim of Tact Maxim of Generosity a. Could I borrow this electric drill? ( Leech 1983 135) b. Could you lend me this electric drill? ( ibid. 135) a b viii
202 1986... Maxim of Approbation.. Quantity Dear Sir, Mr. X s command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc. ( )1999 254 Maxim of Approbation... Maxim of Modesty Maxim of Approbation Maxim of Modesty Please accept this small gift as a token of our esteem. (Leech1983:136) Please accept this large gift as a token of our esteem. (ibid. 136)... Maxim of Agreement ix
A: It was an interesting exhibition, wasn t it? B: No, it was very uninteresting. (Leech 1983 138) B B A Maxim of Agreement A: The book is tremendously well written. B: Yes, well written as a whole, but there are some rather boring patches, don t you think? (ibid. ).. Maxim of Sympathy Maxim of Sympathy I m terribly pleased to hear that your cat died.(leech 1983 138) I m terribly sorry to hear that your cat died. (ibid. ) Maxim of Sympathy I m terribly sorry to hear about your cat.(ibid. 139) Maxim of Sympathy... Leech 1983 136-138 Leech The Modesty Maxim x
A B A B ibid. 136-137 Leech The Agreement Maxim The Agreement Maxim The Modesty Maxim The Agreement Maxim The Modesty Maxim Leech.. Brown Levinson Brown Levinson 1978 (face) positive politeness negative politeness Brown Levinson 2 positive face negative face 1990 231-232 ( )1999 258-261 1986 204-217 1995 36-112 1995 ( )1999 xi
.. A May I open the window? 1995 36 B Yes, please. As a matter of fact, I was going to open it myself. It s too hot in here. ibid. 37 A B A B Well, I d prefer you didn t. ibid. 37 A B A ( )1999 259 1995 39.. Thank you for not smoking. ( )1999 260 xii
( )1999 259 1995 40... (( )1999 Brown Levinson 1978 ibid. 259 Brown Levinson 1990 231 1.Grice, H.P. 1975 : Logic and conversation 2.Brown, P. S. Levinson 1978 :Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena. 1999 ibid. 189 1988 Help (me) xiii
Who could help me let s please Please close the door. I should be glad if you would close the door. It is cold. Dijk 1981 It is cold. (I feel cold.) (l know the cause of the cold.) (I know that the open window is the cause.) (I know that you can close the window.) Close the window. xiv
Would you please take the garbage out? Hurry up. 1988 62 ibid. 102 (1995 113-119) Will you marry me? Grice(1975) Leech 1983 Brown Levinson 1987 Leech 1983 General Pragmatics relative politeness Socio-pragmatics 1.Dijk, T(1981 :Studies in the Pragmatics of Discourse Mouton xv
1998 48.. Rossiter 1988 Will you...? Would you...? Would you mind -ing...? Can you...? Could you...? I don t suppose you could...? Do you think you could...? I don t suppose you could possibly...? You couldn t (possibly)...,could you? I was wondering if you could... I was wondering if you could possibly... (Rossiter 1988 90) Rossiter will would Can you...?.. xvi
. would like to... 1999 Eastwood 1994 Have you a moment? I want to ask you something. Have you a moment? I wanted to ask you something. 1999 34 I wanted to talk to you briefly about one of your patients, Jack said, My patients conditions are confidential. Dr. Levitz said, as if by rote. (R. Cook, Chromosome 6) And I wondered-i wondered if I could buy you a drink or something... Shall I meet you somewhere? Mrs. Robinson said. (C. Webb, The Graduate) I have some friends down from school and we re getting up a beach party. I thought you might like to join us. (H. Robbins, The Lonely Lady) *Did you want to see me now? {Do/ Did} you want to see me now? ( 1996 93) xvii
Polite Question 1999 ibid. 97 1999 95-97 1996 93 Taylor 1996 185 1.Eastwood, J. 1994 :Oxford Guide to English Grammar Grice 1975 Leech(1983) Brown Levinson 1978 conversational maxims politeness principle positive politeness negative politeness xviii
(1999) A Did you want me? B Yes, I hoped you would give me a hand with the painting. (Leech 1971) A B 1999 95 A B then now 2 A B. Leech, G.N.( 1971): Meaning and the English Verb. 1995 5 1983 PHP 1999 12 1996 1999 1999 1998 1990 1985 xix
1988 1999 1987 1997 1986 Leech, G.(1983) Principles of Pragmatics Longman Rossiter, P. & & Coulton, T. 1988 Taylor, J.R. 1996 LINGUISTIC CATEGORIZATION prototypes in Linguistic Theory 14 xx