1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 1,105 1,001 929 876 774 783 803 834 808 476 373 338 199 251 270 318 348 177 575 532 533 516 528 591 631 629 628 1,204 653 551 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
1
2,500 2,000 1,500 2,116 2,202 2,255 2,280 1,000 954 500 426 0 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2
20 15 10 5 0 9 10 10 4 3 16 17 11 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 20 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
Wi-Fi 4
5
4,000 3,794 3,012 3,000 2,384 2,000 1,000 1,303 525 1,739 745 1,032 1,319 1,741 0 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 7 710 10 286 214 154 0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Tirole
A B A B A B B A P A B 1 2 3 B P* CR A C B D 4
B D A A B D A C D A B 5 NERC TLR TLR TLR
CSa,CSbValue of Lost Load(VOLL)VOLL A,B VOLL A B A Pa Pa kwh Da MWh Da MWh PSa P kwh Da MWh CSa B A B PSa + CSa + PSb + CSb A B T MWh B A
B A T MWh B B Pb Pb* B PSb* CSb* A B T MWh A Pa Pa* PSa* CSa* B Pb*kWh T MWh A A Pa*/kWh Pa*kWhPb* kwh T MWh PSa* + CSa* + PSb* + CSb* + CR PSa* + CSa* + PSb* + CSb* + CR PSa + CSa + PSb + CSb
LNG
PJM 6 6 D.C. RTORTO
NTT DEN-CHU-KEN TOPICS R.-G A.-P
140 120 100 80 60 77.5 98.7 88.0 8 7 6 5 4 3 3.6 4.7 4.0 40 2 20 1 0 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 0 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
25 20 15 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 6.2-9.3-23.0-16.6-10.0 20 15 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 -30 10.6 0.3-7.6-1.2-1.0-1.3-10.8 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 7.6 13 14 15
25 20 15 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 -30-35 10.9 0.4-9.5-2.0-4.3-0.1-15.5 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 8.7 13 14 15 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 10.0 7.01 3.84 1.08 12.4 13.4 14.4 15.4
SRC 130 125 120 115 110 105 100 95 SRC_ SRC_ SRC_ 2005100 IT SRC RC 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 123.6 103.6 84.1 77.1 65.2 49.3 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14
160 140 120 121.3 100 90 80 0.9 12.5 14.1 100 80 108.7 89.9 88.8 70 60 50 40 40.7 60 40 57.3 51.5 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 30 20 10 31.6 0 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14 IT 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0.6 6.9 10.0 41.0 41.4 96 98 00 02 04 06 08 10 12 14
70 60.6 60 52.5 50 40 30 20 10 0 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98 03 08 13 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 63 68 73 78 83 88 93 98 03 08 13 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 65 65 75 25.0 50 26.5 28.9 31.5 35.0 36.7 40.0 40 11.7 12.9 14.4 17.0 18.8 21.1 30 20 10 0 2,084 (10) 1,641 1,820 (20) 1,386 1,176 866 991 (30) (40) 1983 88 93 98 03 08 13
100 80.0 80 60 40 20 0 15 20 25 40.5 31.9 41.8 41.6 39.8 44.8 43.6 42.9 54.7 49.1 50.9 42.1 52.1 51.5 53.7 52.9 58.4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 24.2
20 18.6 15 10 5 0 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 GDP GDP
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