IPA 2 IT IPA

Greg Dale Лилия Молчанова 2010 2015 IPA 2016

1IPA IPA 2 3 PDF PDF 4 http://www.kenkyusha.co.jp

iii v viii 1... 1 2... 14 3 1... 24 4 2... 34 5 1... 44 6 2... 54 7... 63 8... 72 9... 82 10... 94 11... 101 12... 109 13... 118 14... 132 15... 142 16... 154 17... 165 18 1... 174 19 2... 185

20... 193 21... 204 22... 218 23... 229 24... 242 251 252

e 1 ʘ! ǂ ǁ i y u ø œ ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k g q ɢ ʔ m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʙ r ʀ ѵ ɾ ɽ ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ ɫɮ ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ l ɭ ʎ ʟ / p t k s o ʍ w ɥ ʜ ʢ ʡ ɕ ʑ ɺ ɧ k p t s x 2 æ a Œ

ŋ n d b a t d ˬ s t b a t d ʰ tʰ dʰ t d t d ɔ ʷ tʷ dʷ ẽ ɔ ʲ tʲ dʲ ⁿ dⁿ u ˠ tˠ dˠ ˡ dˡ e ˤ tˤ dˤ d ë ɫ e e ɹ ˌ nˌ e β e e R ɚ a e ˈ 1 2 ˈ ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən ː eː ˑ eˑ ě ǁ. ɹi.ækt e ě é ê e e è e ȅ e

phonetics speech sound 1 3 articulatory phonetics articulation

acoustic phonetics auditory phonetics 15.2.2 experimental phonetics general phonetics phonology phoneme / /

temae demae td opposition distinctive 2 td/t/ /d/ n m Olympic // mn/n/ allophones

International Phonetic Alphabet I PA IPA IPA International Phonetic Association 1 IPA IPA 2015 p.p. viii ix IPA IPA IPA diacritics IPA t t t t t tat a t a /ta/ narrow description 1 SAMPLE 1 tat at h a 1 https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/

broad description IPA IPA 2 orthography IPA IPA IPA extensions IPA p. 1 2015 310 11 3 10 3 1 2

22 32 1 1 1 p t ʈ c k q ʔ b d ɖ ɟ g G m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ ʙ r ʀ ѵ ɾ ɽ ɺ ɸ f θ s ʃ ɕ ʂ ç x χ ħ ʜ h β v ð z ʒ ʑ ʐ ʝ ɣ ʁ ʕ ʢ ɦ ɬ ɮ ts tʃ tɕ ʡ dz dʒ dʑ ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ l ɭ ʎ ʟ p t ʈ c k q s ɓ ɗ ʄ ɠ ʛ ʘ ǀ! ǂ ǁ

1.5 12 14 1.3 tat a 2 1.6 16 20 vowel consonant

IPA ieaou jw lrmn ptkbdgszfv h 1 2 IPA 2 musical tone noise 21 Pike, K.L. vocoid contoid j, w vocoid 2 jw

j i v, w u saiosajoː jw IPA A, B 15 1 A B 123 4567 89 1011 12 13 IPA i1 2

3 4 2.46 2.2 7 3 8910 3 11 p. 8p. 9 1 1 d4 d 6 7 d t 4 4 4 segment suprasegmentalsupra- prosody 12