4 1 Virchow, Rudolf ; 1821 1902 47 19 100 Landsteiner, Karl ; 1868 Semmelweis, Ignaz Philip ; 1818 65 12 12 2 3 1943 ABO 100 Ro ntgen, Wilhelm Konrad ; 1845 1923 1895 Curie, Marie ; 1867 1934 20
Fleming, Alexander ; 1881 1955 100 1 2 1970 1980 EBM MEDLINE
EBM 1 20 30 Institute of Medicine IOM IOM 11 30 12 1 1977 2 1 2 3 4.6 2 Brigham and Women s Hospital MGH 6.5 5.5 1 3 Institute of Medicine 1
Institute of Medicine 4 5 20 30 1 4 6 1 4 1 3 1 2 100 1 160 2 1 1 30 3,000 1999 SHEL4E4M SHEL SH E LL
25 1 4E4M Education Engineering Enforcement Example Man Machine Media Management 285 1 5.5 11 1 1 GDP GDP 14 7.5 14 1 1 4 5 GDP 7.5
30 7 G7 GDP 30 30 30 1 1961 30 38 5.5 11.1 1 10 5 1
3 3 EBM 1 6 1 1 50 1
2 4 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 30 NG NG
NG 2,000 1 4,000 1 5,000 1 1 2 NG NG IV 1 1
IOM 5 1
1 1 1,600 GNP 16 2