2 (1) (2)PC [1], [2], [3] 2.1 OS ifconfig OS 2.1 ifconfig ( ) ifconfig -a 2.1 PC PC eth0, eth1, lo 3 13
$ ifconfig lo Link encap: inet :127.0.0.1 :255.0.0.0 inet6 : ::1/128 : UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 :1 RX :8 :0 :0 :0 :0 TX :8 :0 :0 :0 :0 (Collisions):0 TX :0 RX :696 (696.0 B) TX :696 (696.0 B) $ ifconfig -a eth0 Link encap: 00:0c:29:4a:9c:a7 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 :1 RX :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 TX :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 (Collisions):0 TX :1000 RX :0 (0.0 B) TX :0 (0.0 B) :19 :0x2000 eth1 Link encap: 00:0c:29:4a:9c:b1 BROADCAST MULTICAST MTU:1500 :1 RX :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 TX :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 (Collisions):0 TX :1000 RX :0 (0.0 B) TX :0 (0.0 B) :16 :0x2080 lo Link encap: inet :127.0.0.1 :255.0.0.0 inet6 : ::1/128 : UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 :1 RX :8 :0 :0 :0 :0 TX :8 :0 :0 :0 :0 (Collisions):0 TX :0 RX :696 (696.0 B) TX :696 (696.0 B) 2.1: ifconfig 14
2.1 PC USB ( PC ) LAN 1 ifconfig -a eth 2 (eth2 eth3 ) eth1 LAN Node ID /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules PC $ grep eth0 /etc/udev/rules.d/70-persistent-net.rules SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR{address}== "xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx", ATTR{dev_id}=="0x0", ATTR{type}=="1", KERNEL =="eth*", NAME="eth0" SUBSYSTEM=="net", ACTION=="add", DRIVERS=="?*", ATTR{address}== "xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx", ATTR{dev_id}=="0x0", ATTR{type}=="1", KERNEL =="eth*", NAME="eth1" (yy LAN Node ID xx ifconfig eth ) LAN 2.2 IP 2.1 eth0 eth1 (Ethernet) (lo ) eth0 00:0c:29:4a:9c:a7 ( ) 48 48 8 16 (:) 1 2 2 2.1 3 24 (22 ) 2 00 22 (OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier) MA-L (MAC Address Block Large) ) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 15
25 48 (24 ) 2 00 24 MAC (Media Access Control) Ethernet 2.1 (*) 2 2.2 (*) PC ( 1 ) eth0 eth1 : https://regauth.standards.ieee.org/standards-ra-web/pub/view.html#registries (PC ) 2.2 1.1 (p.7) PC 1 5 ( 1 ) ( ) (protocol) pc1 5 4 3 2 1 pc2 5 4 3 2 1 switching Hub 2.2: ( ) 2 ( ) ( Hub ) 2.3 ( : router) 1 16
pc1 router pc2 5 4 5 4 3 2 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 2.3: ( ) 3 ( ) IP (Internet Protocol) IP 4 (IPv4) 32 8 10 (.) IP 130.158.69.233 IP IP PC (endeavor01 16) IP 2.1 {x,y} x y n = 1 254 endeavor01 endeavor02 IP 192.168.1.1 254 192.168.2.1 254 PC endeavor01,02 endeavor03,04 endeavor05,06 endeavor07,08 endeavor09,10 endeavor11,12 endeavor13,14 endeavor15,16 IP 192.168.{1,2}.n 192.168.{3,4}.n 192.168.{5,6}.n 192.168.{7,8}.n 192.168.{9,10}.n 192.168.{11,12}.n 192.168.{13,14}.n 192.168.{15,16}.n 2.1: IP 17
2.3 (*) IPv4 A C D A C 2.1 IP? 2.4 (*) 2.1 n 1 254 n 8 0 255 0 255 IP IP 0 255 lo 127.x.y.z (x,y,z = 0 255) 127.0.0.1 2.3 IP IP ifconfig IP 2.4 ifconfig eth0 IP 192.168.100.1 ifconfig eth0 IP (inet ) 192.168.100.1 $ sudo ifconfig eth0 inet 192.168.100.1 $ ifconfig eth0 eth0 Link encap: 00:0c:29:4a:9c:a7 inet :192.168.100.1 :192.168.100.255 :255.255.255.0 inet6 : fe80::20c:29ff:fe4a:9ca7/64 : UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 :1 RX :0 :0 :0 :0 :0 TX :3 :0 :0 :0 :0 (Collisions):0 TX :1000 RX :0 (0.0 B) TX :238 (238.0 B) :19 :0x2000 2.4: IP 18
2.2 2.1 PC IP 2 IP 3 4 PC endeavor01 endeavor02 3 1 4 1 2 2 IP 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2 IP PC eth0 (eth1 ) PC IP ifconfig 2.4 2.2 PC ping 2.5 192.168.100.1 PC 192.168.100.2 ping $ ping -c 4 192.168.100.2 PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=3.28 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=1.61 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.61 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=1.62 ms --- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% loss, time 3028ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.615/2.033/3.280/0.720 ms 2.5: ping ( ) $ ping -c 4 192.168.100.2 PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data. From 192.168.100.1 icmp_seq=1 Destination Host Unreachable From 192.168.100.1 icmp_seq=2 Destination Host Unreachable From 192.168.100.1 icmp_seq=3 Destination Host Unreachable From 192.168.100.1 icmp_seq=4 Destination Host Unreachable --- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 0 received, +4 errors, 100% loss, time 3021ms pipe 3 2.6: ping ( ) 19
ping IP ( (RTT: Round Trip Time) ) ping -c 4 192.168.100.2 ( icmp seq 1 4 ) 4 RTT 3.28ms, 1.61ms, 1.61ms, 1.62ms (statistics) (loss) 0% RTT (avg) 2.033ms 2.6 100% ping 2.3 2.2 PC ping Hub ( Hub) Hub ( Hub) eth0 (eth1 eth2 ) 2.1 2.5 2.5 1 RTT RTT ping 2 ping ping 1 2 2.6 ping 3 RTT 2.5 2 RTT Hub ( Hub) 2.3 2 RTT 1. 127.0.0.1 20
2. eth0 IP ( eth0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 ping ) 2.7 PC $ sudo sh -c "echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" ping ( -b ) 3 2.5 (DUP!) 2.4 1. eth0 IP 4 255 ( eth0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.255 ping ) 2. eth0 IP 4 0 OS 2.4 PC $ sudo sh -c "echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts" 2.5 2.3 ifconfig IP PC IP Ubuntu 12.04 LTS OS ifup /etc/network/interfaces IP 2.7 /etc/network/interfaces eth0 IP (4.3.1 (p.58) ) ifup eth0 21
( ) $ sudo ln -s /etc/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf $ sudo emacs /etc/network/interfaces $ egrep ˆ[ˆ#] /etc/network/interfaces auto lo # iface lo inet loopback auto eth0 iface eth0 inet static address 192.168.100.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 iface eth0 inet6 auto $ sudo ifup eth0 eth0 ssh stop/waiting ssh start/running, process 1885 net.ipv6.conf.eth0.accept_ra = 1 net.ipv6.conf.eth0.autoconf = 1 ssh stop/waiting ssh start/running, process 1936 $ ifconfig eth0 ( ) eth0 Link encap: 00:0c:29:4a:9c:a7 inet :192.168.100.1 :192.168.100.255 :255.255.255.0 ( ) $ ping -c 4 192.168.100.2 PING 192.168.100.2 (192.168.100.2) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=3.28 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=1.61 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=1.61 ms 64 bytes from 192.168.100.2: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=1.62 ms --- 192.168.100.2 ping statistics --- 4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% loss, time 3028ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.615/2.033/3.280/0.720 ms 2.7: ifup 22
$ sudo ifdown eth0 eth0 $ ifconfig eth0 ( ) lo Link encap: inet :127.0.0.1 :255.0.0.0 ( ) $ ping -c 4 192.168.100.2 connect: Network is unreachable 2.8: ifdown OS ifdown 2.8 eth0 2.4 PC /etc/network/interfaces 2.2 IP ifup IP ifdown ifup 2.6 1.1 (p.7) PC Hub ( Hub) 2.9 Hub ( Hub) (cascading connection) Hub ( Hub) PC 4 (8 ) ( ) 100Mbps 1 1 2.10 PC Hub PC Hub PC MDI (Medium Dependent Interface) Hub MDI-X (MDI Crossover) Hub 2.10 MDI- X Hub 23
PC Hub 2.10 MDI MDI-X ( 2.10 ) MDI-X ( MDI) ( 2.10 ) Switching Hub Switching Hub pc1 cascading connection pc2 2.9: Switching Hub Switching Hub Switching Hub MDI-X MDI-X MDI-X MDI pc1 MDI-X Switching Hub MDI-X Switching Hub 2.10: Hub ( Hub) Hub ( Hub) MDI ( ) Hub (CentreCOM FH708TP) 8 X PC MDI-X PC = HUB MDI Hub PC Hub 8 24
MDI MDI-X Hub ( Hub) Hub (CentreCOM FS708EX V1 Buffalo LSW-TX-8NS) AUTO MDI/MDI-X 2.8 Hub 2 Hub 2 PC 2.9 ping 1. 1 8 ( X PC ) 2. 1 8 ( = HUB ) 25