1 1 1.1,.,,.,.,, CPU LSI.,.,,, Nintendo64, PlayStation 1, 2.,,,,. 1.1.1,.,.,.,.,..,.,....... 1,, Nintendo64. PlayStation SONY Computer Entertainment. 2., CPU PlayStation2 SONY Computer Entertainment, Pentium3 1GHz.. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
2. OS (IBM ). FORTRAN.... UNIX OS. C. OA.,..... OS MS-DOS, Windows95, MacOS. DOS/V, Macintosh.. 1.2 CPU(Central Processing Unit: ).,,, 3, CPU,. CPU,,,.,, LSI(Large-Scale Integration: ) CPU., LSI. CPU,,., OS(Operating System). 3 Plam PDA,. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
3 1.2.1 OS OS, CPU,,,,., OS,,. OS,., UNIX OS., UNIX, OS,., OS(UNIX), CPU,., OS (Shell)., OS. OS,,. OS., OS,, OS. 1.2.2,. 1.2.3,..,., C B. W. Kernighan, D. Ritchie Programing Language C 4. K&R., 1983 ANSI(American National Standards Institute: ), C. ANSI., LISP ANSI, OSI, Common Lisp., C, OS,,, OS.,. 4 K&R 2 ANSI. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
4 1.3 1.3.1,.,,. (bit), (byte) 5.., (word) 6.,,.,.,,,,,,.., 0 1,, AND, OR, NOT, XOR. AND,. AND 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 OR,. OR 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 NOT, 0 NOT 1, 1 NOT 0.,. XOR (exclusive or),. XOR 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0, EOR. XOR, Z 2, Z 2.,, bit. 1.3.2, ASCII 7. ASCII,,.,. 5,. 1 byte = 8 bits. 6,., CPU,,. 7 1 byte 8 bits ASCII. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
5 0x20 0x2f 0x41 0x42 0x43 0x61 0x62 / A B C a b ASCII 0. ASCII 0x20,., 0x08 TAB. Exercise 1.3.1,,.,,., 8. EUC. UNIX.. MS ( JIS ).. JIS.,..,,. EUC.,. EUC MS JIS 9 0xa4a2 0x82a0 0x2422,, CPU, little endian, big endian.,. 1K bytes = 1024 bytes 1M bytes = 1024K bytes 1G bytes = 1024M bytes 1T bytes = 1024G bytes 1P bytes = 1024T bytes 1E bytes = 1024P bytes Exercise 1.3.2,,,.,, 1.3.3,. CPU,, 10..,.,,., CPU, 8,, [22]. 10,,. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
6,..,,,,,,.,,., a, b, l., c., a<b<c., a + l b, b + l c., CPU,. a, X. b, Y. X Y., X. X c.,, CPU,,. C,. #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a,b,c ; } c = a + b ; return 0 ; CPU,,,. ld ld add st [%fp-8],%l0 [%fp-12],%l1 %l0,%l1,%l0 %l0,[%fp-16],., [%fp-8], %l0.,. C,,, CPU, CPU,. CPU,. 1.3.4 ASCII.,,, CPU, ASCII.. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
7, TAB,.,,,., OS,, OS.,,,. Exercise 1.3.3 n {a i } n i=1 XOR a 0., a k, k =1,,n, a 0 {a i }, a k.,., XOR (parity), (parity bit).,,,,. 1.4,.,,. 11,.,. 1.4.1,.,,. 1 byte = M bits.,,,. 1.4.1.1,., n 2 k +1 n 2 k 1., n k 1 n =( 1) b k b i 2 i, b i, k +1 b k b k 1 b 1 b 0., M =8, 127 n 127, 0 k 7., (MSB), n 0 0, n<0 1.. i=0 11. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
8,,, 2 k n 2 k 1 n, k 1 n = 2 k b k + b i 2 i., i=0 0 = (0000 0000) 2 127 = (0111 1111) 2 1 = (1111 1111) 2 128 = (1000 0000) 2.,,, 1.,,.,.,, N = NM 2 NM 1 n 2 NM 1 1. 1.4.1.2,..,., N, 0 n 2 MN 1. Exercise 1.4.1., a 0, a 1 (carry) b, c d. 1.4.2, 12., k, a, l a k l, a 0 a<k. k..,, 13 14.,. S e 1 e 7 e 8 b 1 b 7 b 8 b 15 b 16 b 23 12,.,. 13 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). 14. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
9, S, 0, 1. e 1 e 8, b 1 b 23 15,, (1.b 1 b 2 b 23 ) 2 (0.b 1 b 2 b 23 ) 2.,. 2,. 0,. e 1 e 8 FF 2 FE 127. 80 1 7F 0 7E.. 1. 01 126 00,, 0, 0, 0.,, (1.111 1) 2 2 127,. 0, (0.000 01) 2 2 126.,.,.,,.,. Example 1.4.1 0.0. 0.0 :S =0, (e i ) = (0) 2, (b i ) = (0) 2 0.0 :S =1, (e i ) = (0) 2, (b i ) = (0) 2 2.0, 0.5 =2.0 10 1,. 2.0 :S =0, (e i ) = (1000 0000) 2 =80H, (b i ) = (0) 2 1.0 :S =0, (e i ) = (0111 1111) 2 =7FH,(b i ) = (0) 2 0.5 :S =0, (e i ) = (0111 1110) 2 =7EH,(b i ) = (0) 2 15, 0 51, 52 63., 1023.. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
10, 0.2, 0.1., 5 0.1 0.5. 0.1 :S =0, (e i ) = (0111 1011) 2 =7BH,(b i ) = (100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1101) 2 0.2 :S =0, (e i ) = (0111 1100) 2 =7CH,(b i ) = (100 1100 1100 1100 1100 1101) 2,. 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1) sign 2 1 bias 1.f 255 0 0 ( 1) sign 2 126 0.f +INF 255 0 0 INF 255 0 1 NaN (Not a Number) 255 0 Over flow. +0.0 00000000 00000000 00000000 0.0 80000000 80000000 00000000 +1.0 3F800000 3FF00000 00000000 1.0 BF800000 BFF00000 00000000 +2.0 40000000 40000000 00000000 +3.0 40400000 40080000 00000000 7F7FFFFF 7FEFFFFF FFFFFFFF 00800000 00100000 00000000 007FFFFF 000FFFFF FFFFFFFF 00000001 00000000 00000001 + 7F800000 7FF00000 00000000 FF800000 FFF00000 00000000 NaN 7Fxxxxxx 7FFxxxxx xxxxxxxx,,,., CPU, 16. Exercise 1.4.2.,, 1. 16 Pentium MMX MMX, PlayStation2 emotion engine,. Id: joron.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:19:00 naito Exp
11 2 UNIX 2.1 UNIX CPU,, LSI,,,,,.,, CPU, LSI., CPU.,, OS(Operating System). UNIX OS. UNIX 1969 AT&T Dennis Ritchie, DEC PDP-7., 1973 Ritchie, UNIX C, OS, UNIX., UNIX C,,, UNIX. UNIX, (Time Sharing: ), CPU, OS.,,,,,. UNIX, UNIX UNIX. UNIX,., UNIX.,, UNIX,. UNIX sh, csh.,.,.,,.,,,. 2.2 UNIX,,. Id: unix.tex,v 1.2 2000/04/15 01:29:47 naito Exp
12 2.2.1. UNIX., /., /, \, *,?, &,.,,,.,,., XXXX.YYY,. YYY.,. XXXX.p PASCAL Program. XXXX.c C Program. XXXX.tex TEX. 2.2.2,,. UNIX,., /bin, /usr, /dev,.,., /..,., 1. UNIX.,.,...,..,.,.,., A, A.,. home you, A /home/you/a..,../a,., A.., /. 1. Id: unix.tex,v 1.2 2000/04/15 01:29:47 naito Exp
13 / home usr dev A bin lib Exercise 2.2.1 home you, home my X. 2.2.3 Shell Shell,.,,... MS-DOS 2,.,. *,?, [, { ~,. *.? 1. [...] 1.. -, ASCII. {str,...}.,., {b, a} b a a b., { } {}. [user] home, user *,?, [...].,..,. /. 2 MS-DOS, (command.com),. Id: unix.tex,v 1.2 2000/04/15 01:29:47 naito Exp
14 2.2.4 3,,.,,.,,.,,.,, csh.. 2.2.4.1,. <, >. file1 file2. cat < file1 > file2, file2, file2., file2, > >>. 2.2.4.2,,.,, uniq. cat file1 uniq,. 2.2.4.3 UNIX shell.,,,., xclock. xclock &, &. Exercise 2.2.2 [,. csh.] XXXX., file.out, file.err. 2.3 UNIX, UNIX..,. 3. Id: unix-command.tex,v 1.4 2000/04/16 06:17:50 naito Exp
15, <...>,,, [...].,,., a b, a b. 2.3.1, cd, pwd, mkdir, rmdir. 2.3.1.1 cd [<directory>] <directory>. <directory> 4,. 2.3.1.2 pwd. 2.3.1.3 mkdir <directory> <directory>. 2.3.1.4 rmdir <directory>. rm. 2.3.2,, ls, cp, rm, mv, cat, more. 2.3.2.1 ls[ -aaccdffgillqrrstu1 ] [<filename>] <filename>,. -aaccdffgillqrrstu1,, ls., -l,,.,,. 4 MS-DOS, cd,. UNIX pwd. Id: unix-command.tex,v 1.4 2000/04/16 06:17:50 naito Exp
16. a. <filename>,,., ls BSD SYSV,. 2.3.2.2 cp [ -i ] <filename1> <filename2> cp -r R [ -i ] <directory1> <directory2> cp [ -i(r R) ] <filename> <directory>, cp <filename1> <filename2>., <directory1> <directory2>., <filename> ( ) <directory>. 2.3.2.3 rm [ -fir ] <filename> <filename>. r. 2.3.2.4 mv [ -i ] <filename1> <filename2> mv,.,. 2.3.2.5 cat [<filename>] cat. <filename>,. <filename>. 2.3.2.6 more <filename> more. 2.3.3 UNIX, UNIX.,,, ps, kill. Id: unix-command.tex,v 1.4 2000/04/16 06:17:50 naito Exp
17 2.3.3.1 ps[-aacdefjllpy] ps,., ps., ps -ef., UID PID PPID C STIME TTY TIME CMD root 0 0 0 Mar 31? 0:02 sched root 1 0 0 Mar 31? 1:21 /etc/init - root 2 0 0 Mar 31? 0:00 pageout root 3 0 1 Mar 31? 135:29 fsflush naito 10346 28588 0 09:25:10? 0:00 twm naito 10370 10346 0 09:25:11? 0:01 xscreensaver, UID,, PID,. ps BSD SYSV,. 2.3.3.2 kill [-signal] pid UNIX.,. KILL, HUP, INT, KILL,., ps pid, kill -KILL pid, pid., KILL,. KILL, HUP, INT,., 12222223+ Control C0,,, INT. 2.3.4, man. 5, cp, man cp., UNIX,, C.,,,.,. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 5 man man. Id: unix-command.tex,v 1.4 2000/04/16 06:17:50 naito Exp
18 6. 7. troff 8., man [-s<section>] <command>. Example 2.3.1 man printf, printf, C printf, man -s 3s printf., intro.,,,. Exercise 2.3.1 file1.c, file2.c, file1.cc, file2.cc., mv *.c *.cc,.. Exercise 2.3.2, ls *.,,. Exercise 2.3.3 UNIX, mv mv. 2.4,.,,,. 2.4.1, UNIX,,.,,,.,,, 10Mbps 6, 100Mbps., local area network (LAN),,,., (NICE II), 622Mbps ATM, 100Mbps FDDI 10Mbps 10Base-5 Ethernet, NICE II UNIX, Apple (Macintosh), Netware, Windows NT. 6 Mbps Mega bits per second. B, b. Id: network.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:21:13 naito Exp
19 ATM ATM ATM ATM 622Mbps ATM FDDI 100Mbps LAN, gateway,., NTT.,, NTT., LAN, GIGA,,., LAN,,,. NICE II, (SINET)., WIDE.,,,,. LAN.,,,, (protocol)., TCP/IP.,.,,.,,,,,,. 2.4.2,,,., FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name). local network (LAN), LAN Id: network.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:21:13 naito Exp
20.,, nagoya-u.ac.jp., jp, ac.,., media.nagoya-u.ac.jp.,,. FQDN,,.,,. TCP/IP,,., OSI,,, TCP/IP. layer model,,,,,,. TCP/IP,,. telnet ftp rlogin smtp nntp http X11 Socket UDP TCP IP EtherNet PPP 10Base-5 10Base-2 10Base-T 2.4.3 TCP/IP (protocol),. 2.4.3.1, TCP/IP SMTP (simple mail transfer protocol).,,,. Id: network.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:21:13 naito Exp
21 2.4.3.1.1,.,,,,, (mail spool).,,. 2.4.3.1.2,., naito@math.nagoya-u.ac.jp.,,..,,,. UNIX, sendmail, sendmail, network.,, math.nagoya-u.ac.jp, FQDN DNS: Domain Name Service,.,, domain not found,., sendmail,., network,,., sendmail, sendmail,.,,.,.,., user unknown,, sendmail,.,,.,,,,,.,.,,,,,.,,.,,, POP IMAP,.,, sendmail. 2.4.3.2 TCP/IP NNTP (network news transfer protocol).,,, host,. Id: network.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:21:13 naito Exp
22 2.4.3.2.1,.,.,,,. 2.4.3.2.2,., handing,,,,. 2.4.3.3 World Wide Web WWW, TCP/IP HTTP (hyper text transfer protocol). HTTP,, SMTP, NNTP TCP/IP, on demand connection. 2.4.3.3.1 WWW WWW,.,,. 2.4.3.3.2 WWW WWW, URL., http://www.math.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~naito/ URL, http, www.math.nagoya-u.ac.jp, /~naito/., URL, http, www.math.nagoya-u.ac.jp, http /~naito/. 2.4.3.4 TCP/IP,,..,,,.,,,,. Id: network.tex,v 1.3 2000/04/16 06:21:13 naito Exp