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1 A Revised Analysis of Malaria Epidemic in Ryukyu Islands During World War U Seizo SAKIHARA1)*, Kiyomi NISHI1), Fujiko TOYAMAI1), Miyoko UZA1) and Kazuhiko TAIRA1) This paper focused on malaria epidemic in Ryukyu Islands during World War II with special reference to Yaeyama Islands to prove whether malaria outbreak in Yaeyama in 1945 was unusual, by reanalyzing published data by various researchers and unpublished documents of the U.S. military Government that occupied Ryukyu Islands from 1945 to The following results were obtained: 1) Outbreak of malaria in the Ryukyu Islands in a period from 1945 to 1947 was caused by great alteration of biologic balances due to military operations by Japanese Army. 2) Compared with those in Miyako and Okinawa Islands, fatality from malaria in Yaeyama in 1945 was extraordinarily high. 3) Forced evacuation of the inhabitants to malaria endemic areas by the Japanese Army caused exceptionally high incidence, mortality and fatality in Yaeyama. 4) Of species of malaria parasites, malignant P, falciparum was predominant in Yeayama. P. vivax was preponderant both in Miyako and Okinawa Islands. 5) In Okinawa Islands, intensive mosquito control measures were initiated by the US Army when they landed the Island in April But in Miyako and Yaeyama Islands, only partial chemotherapy was administered, not full scale mosquito control activities. In conclusion, unusual outbreak of malaria epidemic in Yaeyama in 1945 was mostly attributed to the forced evacuation of the inhabitants to malaria endemic areas by the Japanese Army. 1) Department of Health Administration School of Health Sciences, University of the Ryukyus * Research Center of Comprehensive Medici ne Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus
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6 72 民 族 衛 生 第60巻 表3 第2号1994年3月 八 重 山 群 島町 村 別字 別 マ ラ リアの 状 況 (1945年)注1) 図2 石垣 島北 部 山岳 地 帯 の遠 景 中央 の 高 い山 は 沖縄 県 内 で最 も高 い オ モ ト岳(526 メー トル)(写 真 は宮 城 一郎 教 授 提供) 図3石 垣 島 北 部 の オ モト 岳 山麓 に 多 い溪 流(白 水 地 区(写 真 は篠 原 武 夫教 授 提供) み る と表3に 示 す とお りで あ った.群 島全体 の罹 患 率 は533,1で あ る が,石 垣 島 に お い て は,旧 石 垣 町 が や や 高 率 で は あ る が,郡 い.し 全 体 に く らべ る と低 か し 旧 大 浜 村 に お い て は,か つ て非有 病地 で あ っ た地 域 に お い て 最 低 は 宮 良 の803.0,最 注1) 高は 山 群 島 の マ ラ リア に就 い て に 基 づ い て 崎 原 が 作 成 大 浜 の967.3と い う異 常 に 高 率 で 罹 患 して い る.ま た,竹 富 村 で も小 浜 島,鳩 間 島,新 照 間 島 に お い て 高 率 で あ るが,と び 波 照 間 島 は 高 く,ほ る.戦 城 島 お よ び波 く に鳩 間 島 お よ とん どの 住 民 が 罹 患 して い 前 か ら有 病地 で あ った 西表 島 は 南風 見 の 八 重 山 民 政 府 衛 生 部 編 1945年 戦 争 に お け る八 重 注2) 備 考 欄 は 戦 前(1942年 ま で)マ ラ リア の 流 行 地 で あ った か 否 か を示 す 注3) 群 島 全 体 の 比 率 は,原 典採 用 の 人 口に 対 す る割 合 で あ る.罹 患 率 お よ び 死 亡 率 は 人 口1,000人 当 た りの 比 率,致 命 率 は 罹 患 者 に対 す る 百 分 比 766,4が 高 率 で あ る 他 は,極 端 に 高 い 地 域 は な い. 与 那 国 島 も群 島 全 体 よ りか な り高 い. 死 亡 率 に つ い て も,旧 大 浜 村 の か つ て 非 有 病 地 で あ っ た 平 得 の375.5を 最 高 に,真 栄 里 の325.9, 大 浜 の256.7と 非 常 に高 い 死 亡 率 で あ る.こ れ らか つ て の非 有 病 地 の 平 均 死 亡 率 は212.6,か つ て の有 病 地 の そ れ は3.0で あ り,大 き な 差 が み ら れ る.竹
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17 Bohart, R.M. & Ingram, R.L. (1946): Mosquitoes of Okinawa and Islands in the Central Pacific, 1-110, Bureau of Medicine & Surgery, Navy Department, Washington D.C. Downs, W.G. (1949): Malaria on Okinawa, Bulletin of U.S. Army Medical Department, 9(8), Gordon, J.E. (1965): Control of Communicable Diseases in Man, 10th Ed., , American Public Health Association Lawrence/Watkins Manuscript on Public Health Disaster Relief Administration (with none date) McDonald, G.L. (1957): The Epidemiology and Control of Malaria, 53, Oxford University Press, London Pampana, E. (1969): A Textbook of Malaria Eradication, 2nd Edition, , Oxford University Press, London
18 US Army, Medical Department (1963): Preventive Medicine in World War U. Vol. VI. Communicable Diseases. Malaria, Office of the Surgeon General US Naval Military Government, Okinawa: Report of Medical Survey and Relief Mission, Southern Ryukyus Task Group (19 January 1946) Ishigaki Shima (23 December 1945), Iriomote Shima (6 January 1946) Yonaguni Shima (13 January 1946), Miyako Shima (19 January 1946)
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