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1 要約 ( 概要 ) 現代社会に必須な製品群を再生可能資源から生産するため これまで化石資源より生産されてきた燃料やプラスチック等の有用化学品をバイオマスから生産する バイオリファイナリー という概念が注目されている この技術は 資源循環型社会を構築するうえで極めて重要な社会的基盤技術である しかしバイオマスの主成分である木質バイオマスのリグノセルロースは 難分解性の天然高分子化合物 リグニン と セルロース が複雑に絡み合った素材であり 炭素源としての利用が非常に難しい このことから いかに効率的にリグニンを除去し 単離したセルロースを糖に分解するか ( 糖化 ) がバイオリファイナリー実現のポイントとなる 昨年度に引き続き 研究開発の最終年度となるH19 年度は 日本で最も資源量が豊富な木質系リグノセルロースをターゲットとして リグニンの酵素分解及びセルロース糖化研究を行った 木質系リグノセルロースにはセルロースを保護しているリグニンが存在し バイオプロセス原料としての利用の妨げになっている 従って リグノセルロースを生物分解可能な白色腐朽菌 Ceriporiopsis subvermispora の所持するリグニン分解機構に着目して その詳細な解析を実施し さらに木質系リグノセルロース分解に適したセルラーゼを探索するため 木材腐朽菌 ( 担子菌類 ) から高活性セルラーゼ成分の同定 単離と機能解析研究を行った 選択的白色腐朽菌 C. subvermispora は セルロースを残してリグニンを高選択的に分解する担子菌であり バイオパルピングや木質バイオマスの糖化前処理への応用が研究されてきた 本研究では C. subvermispora のリグニン分解に関与する脂質関連代謝物の機能と生合成酵素の解析 白色腐朽菌分子育種システムの開発を行った C. subvermispora は 脂質関連代謝物を介して菌体外のラジカル反応を制御する このため 不飽和脂肪酸の生合成遺伝子を解析した 膜タンパク質である C. subvermispora 由来 9- 脂肪酸不飽和化酵素 (Cs-Fad1) 及び 12- 脂肪酸不飽和化酵素 (Cs-Fad2) さらに 不飽和化の電子伝達に関与するシトクロム b5 (Cs-Cyb5) を大腸菌で発現させることに成功し その産物を SDS-PAGE で確認した C. subvermispora の選択的リグニン分解機構に関与する脂質関連代謝物セリポリック酸の活性酸素の生成抑制機能を詳細に解析し 木材腐朽菌の二次代謝産物であるシュウ酸存在下においても フェントン反応を抑制することを明らかにした ceriporic acid の新規類縁体 ceriporic acid D を単離し 構造決定した これは 側鎖にトランス型二重結合をもつアルケニルイタコン酸の最初の報告である 脂質過酸化で生成するラジカルのリグニンモデル化合物に対する反応性の解析に関し アルコキシルラジカルが 非フェノール性リグニンモデルのベンジル位から水素を引き抜いて分解が起きることを UV-ESR 法を用いて証明した 白色腐朽菌ヒラタケのリグニン分解系を初発する酵素である多機能型ペルオキシダーゼ MnP2 のアミノ酸置換変異体 R263N について 精製酵素標品を用いて詳細に反応特性を調 1

2 査した結果 高分子基質に対する反応性が野生型より安定であることが 本変異体において高分子直接酸化能力が向上した理由であることを明らかにした また C. subvermispora から単離した β チューブリン遺伝子の発現シグナルを利用したハイグロマイシンおよびビアラフォス耐性ベクターを構築し ヒラタケに形質転換導入した結果 作成した薬剤耐性マーカー遺伝子が担子菌内で機能することを明らかにした C. subvermispora の形質転換実験については プロトプラスト生成率 再生率の向上に取り組んだ結果 薬剤耐性株の単離に成功した これまでに報告されているセルラーゼの文献 遺伝子情報などを参考にし 担子菌セルラーゼの調査 探索を行った また 担子菌がセルロース分解時に発現する細胞外タンパク質の酵素活性 二次元電気泳動解析 LC-MS/MS 分析により セロビオヒドロラーゼ I (CBHI) が主に分泌されることを明らかとした さらに 本研究において数種の炭素源を検討し セルラーゼ発現を誘導する条件が設定できたため 精製に必要なタンパク質量を得ることができた 陰イオン交換クロマトグラフィーにより 2 種の担子菌の培養上清から 3 種の CBHI を精製した 既知の菌類 CBHI とのアミノ酸配列の比較から 今回単離した 2 種の CBHI において セルロース結合ドメインを欠くユニークな特徴が明らかとなった 基質特異性の評価およびカビ CBHI との機能比較を行った結果 担子菌においてほとんど報告例がないエキソキシラナーゼ活性を併せ持ち その比活性がカビ Trichoderma reesei の6 倍以上高いことが判明した 以上 本年度は担子菌のセルラーゼ調査と探索を主に実施し セルラーゼ成分 ( セロビオヒドロラーゼ ) を同定 単離することができた 今後得られた各酵素の詳細な解析を行うことで効率的な糖化法の確立が期待される 2

3 Summary Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) is running this project under the theme the Programmed Methods CO2 Fixation and Effective Utilization Technology Development supported by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The purpose of biorefinery concept is to produce useful chemicals such as fuels, plastics, polymers, etc. from biomass resources (corn stover, sugar cane fiber, wood chips, etc.) as opposed to fossil fuel. Biorefinery technology must be the important core technology to achieve a resource recycling society. However, the main components of biomass, lignocellulose, in which natural networked polymers, lignin and cellulose are included, make biomass difficult to be utilized as carbon resources. Therefore the key to economically viable technology is to establish a highly efficient technology for selective elimination of lignin and degradation of the isolated cellulose into sugars (saccharification). In the last year of the research project, we further improved enzymatic degradation of lignin and saccharification of cellulose, aiming at hard biomass, almost inexhaustible resources, i.e. lignocellulosic feedstock. Lignin, found in wood biomass to protect cellulose, interferes with utilization of bio-processed lignocelluloses. Therefore, we investigated the lignin biodegrading mechanisms found in a white-rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. Furthermore, to search for cellulase suitable for biodegradation of lignocellulose, identification and characterization of cellulases in basidiomycetous fungi, which are shown to produce unique cellulases has been studied. A selective white-rot fungus, C. subvermispora degrades lignin in wood with minimum loss of cellulose. Application of this fungus to biopulping and pretreatments for enzymatic saccharification of wood biomass has been studied. In the present research, we analyzed functions and biosynthesis of lipid-related metabolites which may play a key role in lignin biodegradation. We also studied molecular breeding systems of white rot fungi. C. subvermispora generates radicals by lipid peroxidation at an incipient stage of wood decay. We cloned 9- and 12- fatty acid desaturase genes and cytochrome b5 gene from the fungus, and expressed them in E. coli, and confirmed the expression by SDS-PAGE. We analyzed functions of lipid-related metabolites, ceriporic acids and found that the metabolites suppressed the Fenton reaction in the presence of a secondary metabolite of the fungus, oxalate. We identified a new 3

4 alkenylitaconic acid, ceriporic acid D. This is the first report of trans-alkenyl itaconic acid. Reactivity of radical species toward lignin model compounds was analyzed using UV-ESR. We demonstrated that alkoxyl radicals abstract hydrogen from benzyl position of non-phenolic lignin model compounds. The versatile peroxidase MnP2 is secreted from white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus is thought to trigger lignin degradation system in this fungus. A mutant MnP2 with Asn in substitution to Arg263, R263N, had been isolated via site-directed mutagenesis and purified enzyme showed increased reactivity for high molecular-weight substrates. We demonstrated that R263N has a high enzyme stability only for high polymeric substrates which reflects its increased reactivity with high molecular-weight substrates but with low molecular-weight compounds, such as Mn 2+ and veratryl alcohol. We have constructed recombinant selection markers driven by gene expression signals of C. subvermispora β-tubulin gene and demonstrated that they work to transform wild type P. ostreatus strain to hygromycin or bialaphos resistance. In C. subvermispora, protplasting and regeneration efficiencies were improved and, upon transformation with the recombinant selection markers, drug resistant strains were isolated in the first screening plate. To obtain excellent cellulases of the basidiomycetous fungi for degradation of woody cellulosic biomass, the following two subjects are being conducted in this study; a) determination of the important cellulase components from the basidiomycetous fungi and characterization of their enzymatic properties, b) comparison of the cellulase activities with the known Trichoderma cellualses. In the present research, proteomic and biochemical characterization were performed to investigate the celluloytic enzymes produced by the white-rot fungi under cellulolytic conditions. Detection of enzymatic activities clarified the presence of several cellulases such as exo- or endo-cellualse and beta-glucosidase in culture medium of the fungi grown on cellulosic substrates. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and LC-MS/MS analysis showed the predominant expression of cellobiohydrolases (CBHI) produced from the fungi grown on Avicel or wood pulp as a carbon source. These enzymes were successfully separated by ion exchange column chromatography. Two different CBHIs obtained in this study, possess the signal peptide but lack the linker region and carbohydrate binding module. However, they showed the binding ability towards cellulosic materials. Deglycosilation of two CBHIs with N-glycosidase resulted in the decrease of the molecular weight, suggesting the post-translational modification of the proteins. The CBHIs catalyze the elimination of cellobiose from Avicel or pulp. Interestingly, they also have exo-xylanase 4

5 activity towards pulp. By comparison of the activity with that of the well-studied CBH I of Trichoderma reesei (TrCBHI), the fungal CBHI was shown to possess six times higher exo-xylanase activity than TrCBHI. Finally, we concluded that a better understanding of these novel cellulases is needed to develop a highly efficient saccharification method of biomass resources. These researches should be useful in developing a fundamental biorefinery technology and contribute to establish a sustainable recycling society in the near future. 5

研究成果報告書

研究成果報告書 Trichoderma reesei Cel3A Cel1A Cel3C (BGL) BGL Cel3A Cel3C pnp-glc Cel1A BGL Cel1A BGL BGL Cel3A BGL Trichoderma reesei, which is well known to produce large amount of cellulases, expresses three β-glucosidases

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