０３７３１０　医用画像‐３２‐４／３２‐４‐特集１２‐一般総説‐守屋様

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1 IVR Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage in the knee : morphological assessment Susumu MORIYA, RT, PhD., Yukio MIKI, MD, PhD., Tosiaki MIYATI, PhD, DMSc Ishikawa Clinic, 46-1 Shimokamo-Umenoki-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto , Japan. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka , Japan. Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, , Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, , Japan. Received on September 28, In final form on October 13, 2015 Abstract : Magnetic resonance imaging MRI has been the most important method for assessing knee cartilage in the past few decades. MRI has the merit of facilitating, through sequence selection and operations, visualization of the cartilage as areas of signal hyperintensity, as well as visualization with increased contrast between cartilage and synovial fluid. The objective of the present manuscript was to introduce the characteristics and diagnostic applications of sequences for observing the morphology of knee cartilage that are commonly used in routine MRI of the knee. Keywords : MRI, knee, cartilage, image-sequence, morphology [1] MRI 0.5 mm mm [2] osteoarthritis OA mm [3] T1 [5] T2 [5] PD [2] PD T1 [6] T1 T2 MRI [6] T [7] 3D [8] xlii

WE Iterative Decomposition of water/ fat using Echo asymmetry and Least-squares estimation IDEAL [13] CHESS [13] STIR SNR [13,

2 3D SPGR 3D FLASH [12] SPGR GE FLASH Siemens T1-FFE Philips GRASS GE FFE Philips Fig.1 a T1 b T2 c d T1 a b c d T1 c d T1 MRI CHESS short-ti inversion recovery STIR water 2D 3 5 mm [9] 3D [10] 3D [10] excitation WE Iterative Decomposition of water/ fat using Echo asymmetry and Least-squares estimation IDEAL [13] CHESS [13] STIR SNR [13, 14] WE 3D [15] IDEAL [16] MRI [17] 3D 2 2 [11] Fig.2 a SPGR b FIESTA 3D [5]. Chemical Shift Selective fast-se TE ms [5] T2 TE [5] 3D 3D-FSE [18-20] Vol.32 No xliii

Fig.3 a FSE PD b FSE T2 a b SPACE, GE 3D CUBE FSE T2 3D-FSE refocus pulse [18] 3D

[21, 22] [23, 24] [25] [1] [5] [5] SPGR IDEAL SNR [26] 3D DESS 3D-double echo steady

3D GRE [34] [5] Fig.5 a 40 3D-DESS b 90 3D-DESS a b Fig.

3 Fig.3 a FSE PD b FSE T2 a b SPACE, GE 3D CUBE FSE T2 3D-FSE refocus pulse [18] 3D 3D-FSE SNR CNR [19] 3D-FSE 2D fat-saturated FSE [20] 3D Spoiled GRASS [3D SPGR] [5] [21, 22] [23, 24] [25] [1] [5] [5] SPGR IDEAL SNR [26] 3D DESS 3D-double echo steady state 2 2 T2* [27] [28] 3D DESS [29] [30] [31] [32] 3D DESS 2D 3D GRE [33] 3D DESS [29] 3D GRE [34] [5] Fig.5 a 40 3D-DESS b 90 3D-DESS a b Fig.4 SPGR SPGR bssfp balanced steady state free precessionssnr [35] true-fisp GE FIESTA blanced-ffe [36, 37] [38] 3D bssfp 2DFSE xliv

3D [39] [40] bssfp [41] IDEAL bssfp SNR [42] Fig.6 bssfp [ 1 ] Link TM, Stahl R, Woertler K : Cartilage imaging, motivation, techniques, current and future significance, Eur Radiol.

4 3D [39] [40] bssfp [41] IDEAL bssfp SNR [42] Fig.6 bssfp [ 1 ] Link TM, Stahl R, Woertler K : Cartilage imaging, motivation, techniques, current and future significance, Eur Radiol., 17 5, , [ 2 ] Friedrich KM, Reiter G, Kaiser B, et al. : High-resolution cartilage imaging of the knee at 3T, basic evaluation of modern isotropic 3D MR-sequences, Eur J Radiol., 78 3, , [ 3 ] Rubenstein JD, Li JG, Majumdar S, et al. : Image resolution and signal-to-noise ratio requirements for MR imaging of degenerative cartilage, AJR., 169 4, , [ 4 ] Bitar R, Leung G, Perng R, et al. : MR pulse sequences, what every radiologist wants to know but is afraid to ask, Radiographics., 26 2, , [ 5 ] Crema MD, Roemer FW, Marra MD, et al. : Articular cartilage in the knee, current MR imaging techniques and applications in clinical practice and research, Radiographics., 31 1, 37-61, [ 6 ] MRI [ 7 ] Woertler K, Rummeny EJ, Settles M, : A fast highresolution multislice T1-weighted turbo spin-echo TSE sequence with a DRIVen equilibrium DRIVE pulse for native arthrographic contrast, Am J Roentgenol., 185 6, , [ 8 ] Crema MD, Roemer FW, Marra MD, et al. : Articular cartilage in the knee, current MR imaging techniques and applications in clinical practice and research. Radiographics., 31 1, 37-61, [ 9 ] Gold GE, Chen CA, Koo S, et al. : Recent advances in MRI of articular cartilage, AJR Am J Roentgenol., 193 3, , [10] Kijowski R, Gold GE : Routine 3D magnetic resonance imaging of joints, J Magn Reson Imaging., 33 4, , [11] Mosher TJ, Pruett SW : Magnetic resonance imaging of superficial cartilage lesions, role of contrast in lesion detection, J Magn Reson Imaging., 10 2, , [12] Eckstein F, Cicuttini F, Raynauld JP, et al. : Magnetic resonance imaging MRI of articular cartilage in knee osteoarthritis OA, morphological assessment, Osteoarthritis Cartilage., 14 Suppl A, A46-A75, [13] Delfaut EM, Beltran J, Johnson G, et al. : Fat suppression in MR imaging, techniques and pitfalls, Radiographics., 19 2, , [14] Fleckenstein JL, Archer BT, Barker BA, et al. : Fast short-tau inversion-recovery MR imaging, Radiology., 179 2, , [15] Graichen H, Springer V, Flaman T, et al. : Validation of high-resolution water-excitation magnetic resonance imaging for quantitative assessment of thin cartilage layers, Osteoarthritis Cartilage., 8 2, , [16] Gerdes CM, Kijowski R, Reeder SB : IDEAL imaging of the musculoskeletal system, robust water fat separation for uniform fat suppression, marrow evaluation, and cartilage imaging, Am J Roentgenol., 189 5, W284-W291, [17] Moriya S, Miki Y, Yokobayashi T, et al. : Rice and perfluorocarbon liquid pads, comparison of fat suppression effects. Acta Radiol., 51 5, , [18] Busse RF, Hariharan H, Vu A, et al. : Fast spin echo sequences with very long echo trains, design of variable refocusing flip angle schedules and generation of clinical T2 contrast, Magn Reson Med., 55 5, , [19] Chen CA, Kijowski R, Shapiro LM, et al. : Cartilage morphology at 3.0T, assessment of threedimensional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging, J Magn Reson Imaging., 32 1, , [20] Kijowski R, Davis KW, Woods MA, et al. : Knee joint, comprehensive assessment with 3D isotropic resolution fast spin-echo MR imaging diagnostic performance compared with that of conventional MR imaging at 3.0 T, Radiology., 252 2, , [21] Disler DG, McCauley TR, Kelman CG, et al.: Fatsuppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging of hyaline cartilage defects in the knee, comparison with standard MR imaging and arthroscopy, Am J Roentgenol., 167 1, , [22] Disler DG, McCauley TR, Wirth CR, et al. : Detection of knee hyaline cartilage defects using fat-suppressed threedimensional spoiled gradientecho MR imaging, comparison with standard MR imaging and correlation with arthroscopy, Vol.32 No xlv

5 Am J Roentgenol., 165 2, , [23] Eckstein F, Westhoff J, Sittek H, et al. : In vivo reproducibility of three-dimensional cartilage volume and thickness measurements with MR imaging, Am J Roentgenol., 170 3, , [24] Cicuttini F, Forbes A, Asbeutah A, et al.: Comparison and reproducibility of fast and conventional spoiled gradientecho magnetic resonance sequences in the determination of knee cartilage volume, J Orthop Res., 18 4, , [25] Crema MD, Guermazi A, Li L, et al. : The association of prevalent medial meniscal pathology with cartilage loss in the medial tibiofemoral compartment over a 2-year period. Osteoarthritis Cartilage., 18 3, , [26] Siepmann DB, McGovern J, Brittain JH, et al. : Highresolution 3D cartilage imaging with IDEAL SPGR at 3 T, Am J Roentgenol., 189 6, , [27] Hardy PA, Recht MP, Piraino D, et al. : Optimization of a dual echo in the steady state DESS free-precession sequence for imaging cartilage, J Magn Reson Imaging., 6 2, , [28] Braun HJ, Gold GE : Advanced MRI of articular cartilage, Imaging Med., 3 5, , [29] Eckstein F, Hudelmaier M, Wirth W, et al. : Double echo steady state magnetic resonance imaging of knee articular cartilage at 3 Tesla, a pilot study for the Osteoarthritis Initiative, Ann Rheum Dis., 65 4, , [30] Ruehm S, Zanetti M, Romero J, Hodler J : MRI of patellar articular cartilage, evaluation of an optimized gradient echo sequence 3D-DESS, J Magn Reson Imaging., 8 6, , [31] Moriya S, Miki Y, Yokobayashi T, et al. : Threedimensional double-echo steady-state 3D-DESS magnetic resonance imaging of the knee, contrast optimization by adjusting flip angle, Acta Radiol., 50 5, , [32] Moriya S, Miki Y, Kanagaki M, et al. : Evaluation of cartilage surface injuries using 3D-double echo steady state 3D-DESS, effect of changing flip angle from 40 to 90, Acta Radiol., 52 10, , [33] Duc SR, Pfirrmann CW, Schmid MR, et al. : Articular cartilage defects detected with 3D waterexcitationtrue FISP, prospective comparison with sequences commonly used for knee imaging, Radiology., 245 1, , [34] Wirth W, Nevitt M, Hellio Le Graverand MP, et al. : Sensitivity to change of cartilage morphometry using coronal FLASH, sagittal DESS, and coronal MPR DESS protocols, comparative data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative OAI, Osteoarthritis Cartilage., 18 4, , [35] Vasanawala SS, Hargreaves BA, Pauly JM, et al. : Rapidmusculoskeletal MRI with phase-sensitive steadystate free precession, comparison with routine knee MRI, Am J Roentgenol., 184 5, , [36] Friedrich KM, Reiter G, Kaiser B, et.al. : High-resolution cartilage imaging of the knee at 3T, basic evaluation of modern isotropic 3D MR-sequences, Eur J Radiol., 78 3, , [37] Welsch GH, Zak L, Mamisch TC, et.al. : Advanced morphological 3D magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue MOCART scoring using a new isotropic 3D proton-density, turbo spin echo sequence with variable flip angle distribution PD-SPACE compared to an isotropic 3D steady-state free precession sequence True-FISP and standard 2D sequences, J Magn Reson Imaging., 33 1, , [38] Quist B, Hargreaves BA, Daniel BL, et al. : Balanced SSFP Dixon imaging with banding-artifact reduction at 3 Tesla, Magn Reson Med., 74 3, , [39] Duc SR, Pfirrmann CW, Schmid MR, et al. : Articular cartilage defects detected with 3D waterexcitation true FISP, prospective comparison with sequences commonly used for knee imaging, Radiology., 245 1, , [40] Duc SR, Pfirrmann CW, Koch PP, et al. : Internal knee derangement assessed with 3-minute three-dimensional isovoxel true FISP MR sequence, preliminary study, Radiology., 246 2, , [41] Yuan J, Madore B, Panych LP : Fat-water selective excitation in balanced steady-state free precession using short spatial-spectral RF pulses, J Magn Reson., 208 2, , [42] Gold GE, Reeder SB, Yu H, et al. : Articular cartilage of the knee, rapid three-dimensional MR imaging at 3.0 T with IDEAL balanced steady-state free precession initial experience, Radiology., 240 2, , xlvi

第６２巻　第１号　平成２４年４月／石こうを用いた木材ペレット

第６２巻　第１号　平成２４年４月／石こうを用いた木材ペレット Bulletin of Japan Association for Fire Science and Engineering Vol. 62. No. 1 (2012) Development of Two-Dimensional Simple Simulation Model and Evaluation of Discharge Ability for Water Discharge of Firefighting

０３７３１０ 医用画像‐３２‐４／３２‐４‐特集１２‐一般総説‐守屋様

０３７３１０　医用画像‐３２‐４／３２‐４‐特集１２‐一般総説‐守屋様