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1 Linux HOWTO F. Miyahara /10 Linux UNIX Linux $ $ kterm xterm gnome-terminal PC 1. (ls ) & 1: kterm ps 1

2 1) : man [ ] 1: $ man ls ls ( jman) 2: $ man 3 printf C printf 3 man 1: 2: UNIX 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: man man man -k 2) : ls [options] 1: $ ls /etc [ or ] etc ( ) 2: $ ls -lta /tmp (ls -l -t -a /tmp ) /tmp -l: ( file size, ) -a:..bashrc -t: ( -r ) --color=auto 2

3 3) : pwd 1: $ pwd ( Windows 4) : mkdir [ ] 1: $ mkdir foo foo 5) : cd [ ] 1: $ cd /etc/ /etc cd - Linux tree / ( ) /home 6) : cp [options] [ or ] [ ] 1: $ cp /etc/profile./ /etc/profile (. ) 2: $ cp -r /home/miyahara/.xemacs ~/ /home/miyahara/.xemacs ( ~/ ) 7) or : mv [ or ] [ ] 1: $ mv hoge.txt foo hoge.txt foo 2: $ mv hoge.txt hogehoge.txt hoge.txt hogehoge.txt ( ) 3

4 8) : rm [options] [ ] 1: $ rm hoge.txt hoge.txt 2: $ rm -rf foo foo Linux Windows ( umount) 9) or : less [ ] 1: $ less hoge.txt hoge.txt 2: $ ps -ef less (9 ) ps less 10) : grep [options] [] [ ] 1: $ grep printf main.c main.c printf :- [ \- \[ (\ ) 11) gzip : gzip [options] [ ] 1: $ gzip temp.txt temp.txt temp.txt.gz 12) gzip : gunzip [options] [ ] 1: $ gunzip temp.txt.gz temp.txt.gz temp.txt 13) bzip2 (/ ) : bzip2(/bunzip2) [options] [ ] 1: $ bzip2 temp.txt temp.txt temp.txt.bz2 4

$c printf :- [ \- \[ (\ ) 11) gzip : gzip [options] [ ] 1: $ gzip temp.txt$

5 14) ( : tar [options] [ ] 1: $ tar zxvf tmp.tar.gz gzip (tar.gz ) 2: $ tar jxvf tmp.tar.bz2 bzip2 (tar.bz2 ) 15) : chmod [options] [ ] 1: chmod 755 a.out (2)+ (1)+ (4) =7 (1)+ (4) =5 Linux ( ID) ( ID) (ls -l ) chmod =4 =2 =1 ID /etc/passwd ID /etc/group ls -l -rwxr-xr-x 1 miyahara miyahara 6596 Mar 10 18:21 a.out r read, w write, x execute 5

out (2)+ (1)+ (4) =7 (1)+ (4) =5 Linux ( ID) ( ID) (ls -l ) chmod =4 =2 =1 ID

6 1) : ps [options] 1: $ ps -ef -e: -f: 2) ( ) : kill [options] [PID( )] 1: $ kill PID : ps PID 2: $ kill -s SIGSTOP PID (bash, zsh) kill (kill -s SIGCONT SIGSTOP, SIGCONT 3) Linux : top [options] 1: top CPU q h bc : bc -l -l ^ sqrt(65536) *a(1.0) s(x):sin(x), c(x):cos(x), a(x):atan(x), l(x):log(x), e(x):exp(x), j(n,x): n 6

: top [options] 1: top CPU q h bc : bc -l -l ----- ---- 256^2 65536 sqrt(65536) 65536 4.0*a(1.0) 3.

7 Linux mozilla firefox (PS ) gv (or ggv, evince) PS 1) : a2ps [options] [ ] 1: $ a2ps -Pprinter1 hoge.txt hoge.txt printer1 -P[ ] -P?? 2: $ a2ps -4 hoge.txt > tmp.ps PS (a2ps ) -4: -n n -2 >: (9 ) 2) PS : gv [PS ] 1: $ gv tmp.ps & (gv ggv evince ) tmp.ps gv gv & 3) PS : lpr [options] [PS ] 1: $ lpr -Plp1 tmp.ps tmp.ps lp1 -P[ ] -P 4) : lpstat [options] 1: $ lpstat -t 5) PS : psnup [options] [PS ] 1: $ psnup -4 tmp.ps lpr -Pepson3f 4 1 -[ ] 6) : lpq -P[ ] 1: $ lpq -Pepson3f 7

ps & (gv ggv evince ) tmp.ps gv gv & 3) PS : lpr [options] [PS ] 1: $ lpr -Plp1 tmp.ps tmp.

8 7) : lprm -P[ ] 1: $ lprm -Pepson3f [ ] lpq ssh, scp ( ) PC PC ( 8) PC : ssh [ ]@[ IP ] 1: $ ssh -Y hanako@ayame.local.hoge.ac.jp hanako ayame -X X forwarding OpenSSH -Y X forwarding PC PC ( X Window System ) 9) PC : scp [ ] [ ]@[ ]:[ ] 1: $ scp main.f hanako@ayame.local.hoge.ac.jp:/home/hanako/work ( scp main.f hanako@ayame:~/work ( local ) ) main.f PC ayame /home/hanako/work -r (cp ) Windows WinSCP 10) : [ ] >& [ ] Ctrl+z ( ) $ bg & 1: $./sim >& log ( Ctrl+z) $ bg & sim log kill 8

jp hanako ayame -X X forwarding OpenSSH -Y X forwarding PC PC ( X Window System ) 9) PC : scp [ ] [ ]@[ ]:[ ] 1: $ scp

9 11) Windows PC : rdesktop [options] [ ] 1: $ rdesktop -g 97% -a 24 [hogewin] Windosw pc hogewin 1) UNIX (stdin): (stdout): (stderr): < ( > ( >> >& 1: 2) ( ) ( ) ps -ef less (ps) (less) sed awk, perl ruby 1) : sed s/ //g [ ] ( ) 1: sed s/windows/linux/g samp.txt samp.txt windows linux 9

10 2) awk : awk [options] [ ] 1: $ awk $2>=70 {print} score.dat score.dat 70 ( score.dat ========== score.dat ========== Sato Suzuki Tanaka Hashimoto ================================ awk $2>=70 {print} score.dat Suzuki Hashimoto print C printf awk {printf("%s %d\n$,$1,$2+$3+$4)} score.dat Sato 232 Suzuki 236 Tanaka 236 Hashimoto 206 awk pattern scanning and processing language man page awk Web Tips 1) TAB TAB firefox fire TAB TAB 2) [ ](or [Ctrl]+[P]),[ ](or [Ctrl]+[N]) 3) Web 10

$score.dat Suzuki 75 90 71 Hashimoto 82 55 69 print C printf awk {printf("%s %d\n$,$1,$2+$3+$4)} score.$

11 4) bash bash Linux.bashrc (bash tcsh, zsh( ) zsh bash (ssh ) ) chsh 4-1) (bash, zsh) bash PATH="$PATH:./" PATH="$PATH:/usr/local/bin".bashrc source ~/.bashrc OK 4-2) alias (bash, zsh) alias mule= xemacs alias rm= rm -i xemacs mule rm -i 5) $ xset b off 6) [ ] [Ctrl]+[R] mplayer -fs -slang ja dvd://1 [Ctrl]+[R] mpla [Ctrl]+[R] ( zsh ) 11

12 2. Linux vi emacs (or xemacs) emacs $ emacs [ ] & xemacs emacs 2 emacs emacs (xemacs) 2: xemacs( ) emacs( ) GUI $ emacs -nw [ ] -nw no window 12

$emacs ) (global-set-key "\C-h" backward-delete-char) gnome-terminal Alt "-nw" Alt emacs Ctrl+A Ctrl+D$

13 3: kterm xemacs( ) emacs( ) -nw ( ) 2 C-h emacs xemacs xemacs.xemacs/init.el C-h BackSpace (emacs.emacs ) (global-set-key "\C-h" backward-delete-char) gnome-terminal Alt "-nw" Alt emacs Ctrl+A Ctrl+D Ctrl+R 13

$emacs ) (global-set-key "\C-h" backward-delete-char)$

14 C- [ ] Cntl [ ] M- [ ] Esc [ ] M- [ ] [ ] M- [ ] Window [ ] Alt- [ ] Alt [ ] C-x C-s C-x C-w C-x C-c C-x C-i C-x C-f C-d C-h C-a C-e C-f C-b C-n C-p C-v Alt-v C-l C-s C-r M-% M-x replace-string M-x replace-regexp C-k C-x u or C-/ C-@ or C-SPC C-w C-y C-x r k C-x r y C-g C-x 2 C-x 3 C-x o C-x 1 M-x indent-region emacs Back Space (emacs or xemacs ) ( C-s) (( )) ( ) ( ) Undo ( ) mark () ( C-k, C-w ) C-x r k ( ) ( C-g) Window 2 Window 2 Window Window 1 C ( Tab ) 2: emacs 14

C-w C-y C-x r k C-x r y C-g C-x 2 C-x 3 C-x o C-x 1 M-x indent-region emacs Back Space (emacs or xemacs ) 1 1 1 1 1 1 (

15 3. 1) C : gcc [options] [ ] : $ cc samp.c -lm samp.c a.out -lm : math.h $./a.out -o a.out /********** samp.c **********/ #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> int main(void) { float beta,p,m; printf("enter Momentum[MeV/c] & Mass[MeV/c^2]\n"); scanf("%f",&p); scanf("%f",&m); beta= p/sqrt(p*p+m*m); printf("p=%f m=%f\n",p,m); printf("beta=%f \n",beta); } /******************** *********************/ 2) FORTRAN 77 : g77 [options] [ ] : $ g77 -o w2e samp.f samp.f w2e -o : *********** samp.f *********** program w2e real e,m,w m=0.938 write(*,*) Enter w [GeV] read(*,*) w e=(w**2-m**2)/m*0.5 write(*,*) Eg=,e, [GeV] end ********************* ********************** 15

$m=%f\n",p,m); printf("beta=%f \n",beta); } /******************** *********************/ 2) FORTRAN 77 : g77 [options] [ ] : $ g77 -o w2e samp.f samp.$

16 4. Web firefox w3m HTML sylpheed thunderbird firefox PDF Viewer acroread Adobe Reader (Acrobat Reader) Linux xpdf evince gimp Photoshop tgif lapack Fortran77 g77 samp.f -llapack -lblas 5. Web IT, Linux Tips Index: Tips IT Media: Tips for Linux: Tips Linux, Linux : 16

Web IT, Linux Tips Index: Tips http://www.atmarkit.co.jp/flinux/rensai/linuxtips/tipsindex.

17 a2ps, 7 bzip2, 4 cd, 3 chmod, 5 cp, 3 emacs, 12 emacs, 14 grep, 4 gsip, 4 gunzip, 4 gv, 7 kill, 6 less, 4 lpq, 7 lpr, 7 lprm, 8 lpstat, 7 ls, 2, 8, 6, 3, 3, 4, 9, 5, 3 rm, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, 6, 6, 9, 9 man, 2 mv, 3 ps, 6 psnup, 7 pwd, 3 rdesktop, 9 rm, 4 scp, 8 ssh, 8 top, 6, 5, 7 (bc), 6, 3 17

8, 6, 3, 3, 4, 9, 5, 3 rm, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, 6, 6, 9, 9 man, 2 mv, 3 ps, 6

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