A Mineralogical Consideration on Unusual Cracking of Concrete Structures containing Calcareous Aggregate Akio MARU Inner Mongolia Normal University, C
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1 A Mineralogical Consideration on Unusual Cracking of Concrete Structures containing Calcareous Aggregate Akio MARU Inner Mongolia Normal University, China Liaison business office: Geological and Mineralogical Engeneering Co.Ltd Kitakubo, Shimoosaka, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama-ken , Japan Abstract Many types of unusual cracking occurs in concrete structures containing calcareous aggregates such as limestone or coral reef, but few studies have been conducted on these phenomena. It has previously been reported that this unusual occurence of cracking in concrete is due to an alkali-carbonate or an alkali-silica reaction which is derived from limestone containing fine clay or silica. However, the calcareous aggregates are produced in Japan contain a small amounts of silica and there are few dolomitic limestone deposits in Japan. A mineralogical study was therefore conducted on cracked concrete structure contained calcareous aggregates. The results indicated following common characteristics: (1) A large quantity portlandite cement mineral was formed. (2) Cement minerals such as 3CaO EAl2O H20 or 4CaO EAl2O3. 3H2O were formed. (3) In cases where of 4CaO EAl2O3.13H2O appeared, gel filled cracks or air babbles were observed. (4) The components of gel, filled cracks and air babbles in concrete originated from within the cement. The gel was a biproduct of a reaction with in cement, and was not responsible for the cracking of concrete by swelling. It is thought that cracking in concrete contaning calcareous aggregates is caused by swelling, which is due to the formation of large amounts of portlandite and calcium alminate hydrate. It is also thought that this unusual reaction is related to the powder grade of the cement, the water: cement ratio in the concrete or inadequate curing during concrete placement. This study is on going and the results of which will be reported in the near future. Key words: Calcareous aggregate, Unusual cracking of concrete, Abnormal cement reaction
2 Table 1 Several characteristics of cracked concrete containing calcareous aggregates.
3 丸 107 章夫 粘 土科学 Fig.1-1 Micro-photograph of cracks in bridge concrete containing crushed limestone coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. (Saitama-ken) Fig.1-2 Micro-photograph shown in Fig.1-1. Fig.2-1 Micro-photograph of cracks in bridge concrete containing crushed limestone coarse aggregate and crushed coral reef fine aggregate. (Okinawa-ken) Fig.2-2 Partially enlarged micro-photograph shown Fig.2-1 showing gel filled cracks and air bubbles concrete. Specimen 9,10は,石 灰 岩 砕 石 を 粗 骨 材 に,珊 礁 を 砕 い た 砕 砂 を 細 骨 材 と し,普 瑚 通 ボ ル ト ラ ン ドセ メ 骨 す る. あ る.こ それ SDecimen1(橋 ル等の異 常生成物 は 粗 骨 材:秩 以 下 の ひ び 割 れ が み ら れ る が,ゲ 確 認 で き な い.顕 微 鏡 下 で は,幅 び 割 れ が 網 目 状 に 生 じ て い て,ひ 眼 で は 幅1mmか 数 μm 20μmの ひ び 割 れ と一 部 の 気 泡 が ゲ ル に 充 填 さ れ て い る 状 態 が 観 察 で き る.た だ し, X-nicols 1とSpecimen 石 灰 岩 は,方 μm 20μmの 1mm 2.5mmの 解 石 結 晶 の 集 合 体 で あ る.大 存 在 す る.方 解 石 以 外 に は,若 干 の 炭 質 物 を含 む が, 学 分 析 値 をTable 2 に示 す. セ メン ト 細 骨 材;細 1中 に 示 す 構 造 物 コ ン ク リ ー ト に 使 用 さ れ た セ 下 の 通 り で あ る. Specimen 1 高 炉 セ メ ン トBB種(高 Specimen 2 Specimen ン ト き さ数 結 晶 か らな る 方 解 石 細 脈 が 網 目状 に切 っ て 他 の鉱 物 は 確 認 され なか っ た.化 用 した セ メ ン トと 骨 材 グ 粉 混 合 率40%程 10の 場 合 を説 明 微 細 な 方 解 石 結 晶 の 集 合 体,あ る い は 方 解 石 結 晶 の 集 合 体 を,50μm 04mmの Table in in 梁 コ ンク リー ト,埼 玉)中 の 骨 材 (Fig.2-1,Fig.2-2,Fig.3-1,Fig.3(2,Fig.3-3). メ ン トの 種 類 は,以 view 父 産 石 灰 岩 砕 石2005 ゲ ル は ひ び 割 れ や 気 泡 を 隙 間 な く充 填 して は い な い 2.2使 of the same 材 例 と して,Specimen ン ト を 用 い て ひ び 割 れ が 発 生 し た 橋 梁 コ ン ク リ ー トで の コ ン ク リ ー ト は,肉 under 骨 材 は,秩 父 産 の 石 灰 岩 砕 砂 と砂 岩 砕 砂 を 半 々混 合 して使 用. 秩 父産 石 灰 岩 砕 砂 炉 水砕 ス ラ 度) 10 普 通 ボ ル ト ラ ン ドセ メ 原 石 の石 灰 岩 は,粗 骨 材 と 同 じで あ る.砕 砂 の偏 光 顕 微 鏡 観 察 に よ る と,鉱 物 学 的 に は粗 骨材 と 同様 な の で,化 学 的 に も同 じ と考 え て よ い で あ ろ う.
4 第46巻 第2号(2007) 石 灰 系 骨 材 を用 い て ひ び割 れた コ ン ク リ ー ト Fig.3-1 Micro-photograph of cracks in bridge concrete taining crushed limestone coarse aggregate crushed coral reef fine aggregate. (Okinawa-ken) conand Fig.3-2 Partially showing 108 enlarged micro-photograph shown gel filled air bubbles in concrete. in Fig.3-1 れ,加 え て 炭 酸塩 化 作 用 に よ っ て 生 成 した 方解 石,珪 化 作 用 に よ っ て 生 成 した 微 小 石 英 な どか ら成 る.ア ル カ リ反応 性 鉱 物 とい わ れ る微 小 石 英 は10 23%,絹 雲 母 は3 8%で あ る. Secimen10(橋 粗 骨 材:沖 梁 コ ンクリー ト 沖縄)中 の骨 材 縄 本 部 半 島 産 石 灰 岩 砕 石2005 石 灰 岩 は 方 解 石 結 晶 の 集 合 した 岩 石 で あ る 偏 光 顕 微 鏡 下 で 観 察 す る と,大 き さ数 μm 20μmの 細か い 方 解 石 結 晶 の 集 合 体,あ る い は1mm 2.5mmの 大 き な方 解 石 結 晶 の 集 合 体 を50μm 0.4mmの 方 解石結 晶 か らな る細 脈 が 網 目状 に切 っ て 存 在 す る. 文 献71に よ れ ば,本 Fig.3-3 Micro-photograph shown in Fig.3-1. under X-nicols of the same view 上,す な わ ち 方 解 石 で あ る CaCO3と 上で あ る と い う.Table して は,98%以 2に, 原 石 が 同 じで あ る 石 灰 岩 砕 砂 の 化 学 分 析 値 を 示 す が, 一 般 的 に は.粗 骨 材 よ り も細 か い細 骨 材 中 に被 破 砕性 秩 父産砂岩砕砂 砂 岩 は,正 長 石,石 部 半 島 の 石 灰 岩 は均 質 で あ り, 大 部 分 がCaOが55%以 が 高 い 粗 板 岩 等 の 石 灰 岩 の 狭 み の岩 石 や 不 純 物 鉱物 は 英,斜 長 石,黒 雲 母,白 雲 母, 磁 鉄 鉱 な どの 鉱 物 砕 片(砂 粒)と,粘 板 岩 の砕 片,な らび に膠 結 物 の緑 泥 石,絹 雲 母,褐 鉄 鉱 等 か ら構 成 さ Table 2 Chemical components 多 く な る.し た が っ て,粗 骨 材 は 細 骨 材 よ り もSiO, そ の 他 の 不 純 成 分 は少 な い と 考 え て よ い で あ ろ う. of calcareous aggregates (%)
5 Specimen 1 (Saitama-ken) Coarse aggregate: Crushed limestone Fine aggregate: Crushed limestone and sandstone Coarse aggregate: Crushed limestone Fine aggregate: Crushed coral reef Specimen 4 (Hiroshima-ken) Coarse aggregate: Crushed limestone Fine aggregate: Ocean sand Specimen 10 (Okinawa-ken) Fig.4 X-ray powder diffracton patterns of hardened cement in crack-damaged bridge concretes. Table 3 Cement minerals detected by X-ray diffraction analysis of hardened cement in cracked concrete.
6 Table 4. Quantity of gel fills cracks and air bubbles in cracked concretes. 1) Hansen, W. C.(1966) ASTM Special Technical Publicalion, No.169-A, pp
7 3 ) Bachiorrini, A. and Montanaro, L.(1988) Cement and concrete research, 8, pp.731 `38. 4 ) Buck, A. D. and Dolch, W. L.(1966) Journal of the American concrete institute, July, pp.755 `764. and concrete reseach, 16, pp ) Monteiro, P. J. M. and Mehta, P. K.(1986) Cement
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