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せせらながおか
7 years ago
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5 The term robot was first introduced in a play named the Rossum s Universal Robots by the Czech author Karel Capek in The play featured machines created to simulate human beings. The term originates from the Czech word rotota, which can be translated as forced labor. Isaac Asimov, another famous writer, described robots as helpful beings for humans in several novels and short stories. The majority of robots in the world are designed for manufacturing work in industry. The most common manufacturing robot is the robotic arm. A typical robotic arm is made up of seven metal segments, joined by six joints. The computer controls the robot by moving step motors connected to each joint. Unlike an ordinary motor, a step motor rotates a certain number of steps and can repeat the operation any prescribed number of times. This allows the computer to move the arm very precisely, repeating the same movement over and over again. The robot also uses motion sensors to make sure it moves just the right amount to perform a task precisely. An industrial robot with six joints closely resembles a human arm it has the equivalent of a shoulder, an elbow and a wrist. Typically, the shoulder is mounted to a stationary base structure rather than to a movable body. This type of robot has six degrees of freedom, meaning it can pivot in six different ways. A human arm, by comparison, has seven degrees of freedom. When the robotic arm is used to move an object from place to place, it is equipped with a simplified version of the hand, which can grasp and carry different objects. Robotic hands often have built-in pressure sensors that tell the computer how hard the robot is gripping a particular object. This keeps the robot from dropping or breaking whatever it is carrying.

6 A step motor Acomputer A motion sensor A human hand A motion sensor A pressure sensor A human hand Degrees of freedom

7 Tom tries to impress Linda by telling her about his fitness routine. Tom Hi. Nice day, isn t it? Linda Oh, yes. I love this fresh air outside in the morning. Tom Do you often come out here for jogging? Linda Yes. Iliketostayinshape. Tom I do too. I usually get up around five o clock. Do you come here this early? Linda Oh, yes. I usually start jogging here with my friend at six-thirty. This is our regular exercise routine. Tom Yeah? I usually start my weekday mornings with some stretches. There s a great aerobics program on TV at six. I watch the program almost everyday. Linda Oh, really? I guess you really do like to stay in shape. Tom I go straight to my fitness club after work three days a week. Linda Wow. What do you do the other two evenings? Tom I m on the tennis court by five-thirty on Tuesdays and Thursdays. Linda Well, what do you do over the weekend after all that exercise during the week? Tom Saturdays and Sundays are my days for team sports, like soccer and baseball. By the way, my name is Tom. Linda Nice to meet you, Tom. I m Linda. Oh, here comes my friend, Anna. Anna Hi, Linda. Am I late? Linda Oh, no. You re right on time! Anna Are you ready for a couple miles? Linda Sure. Wouldyouliketojoinus,Tom? Tom Oh, no... I don t havetimetoday. Sorry. Linda OK. Well, bye-bye. Have a nice day!

8 Where does this conversation most likely take place? In a fitness club On a street In a shopping mall On a basketball court What time does this conversation most likely take place? About five o clock About six o clock About five-thirty About six-thirty Tom Fitness Club Tennis Team Sports Aerobics Tom Fitness Club Tennis Team Sports Aerobics Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Fitness Club Tennis Fitness Club Team Sports Team Sports

9 It is necessary on this machine. to read for you before turning the instruction Talking driving a car. is banned a cell phone while on by law You should order to lose weight. yourself on in put a strict diet I getting a ride from you that night. would missed without the last train have

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S1Šû‘KŒâ‚è are you? I m thirteen years old. do you study at home every day? I study after dinner. is your cat? It s under the table. I leave for school at seven in Monday. I leave for school at seven on Monday. I