進化的計算手法を用いた建築計画に関する研究

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1 A Study of Architectural Planning Using Evolutionary Computing Methods Makoto Inoue

2 EC L EMO IEC

3 1. 2. EC EMO MOGA EMO 3 EMO IEC EC EMO MOGA EMO

4 Abstract Architectural (spatial) planning problems are how necessary rooms (subspaces) are arranged within a planning area or how the subspaces are ordered by dividing the area. The experience, the skill, and the sense, etc. are needed so that planners may hold the space plan because there are a lot of plan requirements and conditions in this space plan according to the objects. The purpose of this research is to propose it concerning the architectural plan, especially the (room layouts) plans by using Evolutionary Computation (EC) methods, and the use possibility to actual architectural plans is shown by the experiments and consideration. It is general that the purposes extend to many in the space plan fields including Architecture. Evolutionary Multi-objective Optimization (EMO) methods might be used as a technology that optimizes multi-objective. However, there is too no research that uses this EMO in the space plan fields. In addition, there is no spatial planning support system that combines EMO with Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) yet. Architectural planning (support) system that uses EC methods of the proposal consists of the optimization part with spatial layout planning generation part. The spatial layout planning generation part consists of the space generation algorithm and the growth rules, generates the architectural room layout plans. The optimization part consists of EMO to optimize multi-objective under restrictions of specifications, and IEC for planning that fills difficult objectives to quantify like experience, knowledge, and sensibility, etc... This research shows a proposal of the new method that makes the spatial layout plans, the made room layout plans should be able to be optimized by EC methods by applying this technique to the architectural room plan making, and the spatial generation algorithm and the growth rule proposes by the experiment can be applied to the spatial planning support system. The original matter that is accomplished by this research is brought together as follows. It made and it proposed the spatial generation algorithm and the rule that were able to be optimized for architectural planning by EC, EMO has been adjusted to be suitable for the architectural planning problem of setting it this time, and the introduction of the IEC method was tried to EMO as the interactive

5 EMO and a useful verification was done about the how to combine. Moreover, it can be said that the one of this study proposal reached at the level that can be used for the spatial planning support system though the restriction had been accompanied in the space plan up to now.

6 i

7 EMO IEC ii

8 iii

9 1 1

10 : VIA Nano Processor[66] 2

11 1.2: [28] (a) [43, 44, 45, 48] L 6. (b) 3

12 [64] [62] (c) 5 [23] [42] 4

13 (a) (b) (c) (d) EC 2. EC EMO 3. EMO IEC 5

14

15 1.3 3 EMO IEC [61] IEC 1.3 IEC 1.3: 7

16 EC EMO 4. GUI EC 5. EMO EC EMO EC

17 EMO IEC EMO IEC EMO 6 6 IEC EMO

18 1.4: 10

19 2 11

20 [60] [1, 50, 51] p p n d(p,p n ) p i V (p i ) [51] VLSI V (p i ) = {p d(p, p i ) d(p, p j ), j i} (2.1) 12

21 2.1: EMO EC [14, 27, 60] EMO EC EC EMO EMO EMO [5, 55] 1985 Vector Evaluated Genetic Algorithm VEGA [57] Schaffer Goldberg [13] Fonseca Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm MOGA [7] [4, 52] Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II ( NSGA-II ) [6] EMO EMO MOGA EMO MOGA 13

22 MOGA [5] MOGA EMO EC Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto( ) f 1,..., f p X, f i (x) f i (x ) i = 1,..., p (2.2) f i (x) < f i (x ) i {1,..., p} (2.3) x X [46]. Fonseca MOGA i r i i n i r i = 1 + n i (2.4) 14

23 2.2: Fonseca [7] A H f 1 f 2 EMO MOGA MOGA i j d ij 2.5 fk max fk min k d ij d ij = M ( f (i) k k=1 fk max f (j) k f min k ) 2 (2.5) i σ share k d ik

24 Sh(d ik ) 2.6 { 1 d ik σ Sh(d ik ) = share (d ik σ share ) 0 ( ) (2.6) Sh(d ik ) r i µ(r i ) nc i 2.7 nc i = µ(r i ) j=1 Sh(d ij ) (2.7) i N i 2.8 i r i 1 F i = N µ(k) 0.5(µ(r i ) 1) (2.8) k=1 F i nc j 2.9 F j = F j /nc j (2.9) 2.10 F i F j F jµ (r) F µ(r) j (2.10) k=1 F k F i EC EMO EMO 4 6 [23, 24] [23, 24, 71] 16

25 2.1.4 [60, 61] EC 2.3: 17

26 2.2 [12, 16, 37] [19] [33] [67, 68] [63] 2 2 [22] 2.4 EC 18

27 2.4: 2 L L1 L2 [38] [15, 43, 44, 48] [35] 19

28 [42] [10] Kozminski [30] L [31] [62] 1 20

29 [54] [59] [21] [25] [64]

30 [20] 1 1 [53] EC [34] VLSI LSI [41] [49] [58] [65] LSI 22

31 EMO IEC [26] EMO IEC EC [3] IGA IGA [56] [2] GA 23

32 3 24

33 [38] EC 1. m n

34 : L K W B [51] growth model [51] [51] 26

35 Karlsruhe n (=1, 2, 3, or 4) 27

36 :. L 28

37 3.1.3 Problem Analysis Diagram PAD [11] 3.3 L 29

38 3.3: PAD EMO 3.1 [(6,5),(3,7),(2,3),(8,7)],

39 3.4:. 31

40 3.2 [22] 1.3 L :. 1m

41 3.6:. 3.7 L : n W K L 3.8 L [22] 33

42 3.8: m 3.10 L 34

43 3.9: : EC = ( ) 35

44 2. 7 7= [38] 49, =49 ( 6 C ( 6 C 2 6 C 1 ) 18 + ( 6 C 1 6 C 1 6 C 1 ) 2 ( 6 C 1 6 C 1 )) 4! =49, = P 4 = = 5, 085, !=24 122,040, ,040, : : 4 49 [38] 49, ,040,576 36

45 3.3 1m 1m m 7m 12m 7m : WEB (SI) [28] 1,000mm (910mm ) 1m 7m 7m 7m 7m [29, 70] 7m 7m 12m 7m 37

46 7m 7m 2 2m

47 4 39

48 [7] 3. [5] EC 40

49 4.2 4 EMO IEC 7 4 [62] IEC 1 49 m 2 =16m 2 =12m 2 =9m 2 =12m 2 i a i â i f 1 i (a i ) 4.1 ±10% [29, 70] 4 f 1 = 4 i=1 f 1 i (a i ) 41

50 4.1: 1 i â i a i i / r i f 2 i (r i ) 4.2 r i 1(1:1) 0.5(1:2) [29, 70] [62] 2 g 2 i ( a i )/( i ) L g 2 i 3 w i =0.75 =0.50 =0.10 =1.00 f 2 = 4 i=1 (w i f 2 i (r i ) g 2 i ) 42

51 4.2: 2 i r i or or or or 43

52 4 1/7 1m 2 /m 2m 2 /m 1/ f 4 4.3: 4 i a i w i 5 4 EMO EMO 44

53 IEC 7 45

54 m 7m 49m INRIA Scilab : % 100% share (49)/4 1.3 IEC EMO 21 [22] 46

55 4 6 EMO Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) [7] MOGA [5] MOGA [7] EC EC (a) 4.4: Obj 47

56 Obj4 Sunlighting Obj3 Circulation 0.7 Fitness Obj2 Proportion Obj1 Area Size Generations 4.5: 10 4 Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= MOGA 2 d MOGA d d 1 share ( 49)/ EMO 48

57 4.6: 1 (B)= (W)= (K)= (L)= B,W,K,L (a) (a)

58 (a) 4 (b) 6 4.7: (b) 4 Obj1 Obj2 4.8(a) 6 4.8(b)

59 Obj4 Sunlighting Obj3 Circulation Obj2 Proportion Obj1 Area Size Fitness Generations (a) Obj4 Sunlighting Obj3 Circulation 0.7 Fitness Obj2 Proportion Obj1 Area Size Obj5 Wall Obj6 Duct Generations (b) 6 4.8: 10 Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= Obj5= Obj6= 51

60 Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj4 Sunlighting Obj2 Proportion Obj5 Wall Obj3 Circulation Obj6 Duct Generation 4.9: Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= Obj5= Obj6= (a) IEC 21 EC IEC IEC 52

61 [18, 32, 36, 47] IEC IEC 6 EC 4.8(b) [23] IEC 53

62 m 2 =20m 2 =16m 2 1=12m 2 2=12m 2 3=12m 2 =9m 2 =1m 2 82m 2 i a i â i f 1 i (a i ) f 1 = 7 i=1 f 1 i (a i ) ) i / r i f 2 i (r i ) g 2 i ( a i)/( i ) 3 w i =0.75 = =1.00 =0.25 = =0.10 f 2 = 7 i=1 (w i f 2 i (r i ) g 2 i )

63 7 1 ( or or ) ( or or ) 1 ( or or ) 1 ( or or ) 2 ( or or ) 2 ( or or ) 3 ( or or ) 3 ( or or ) ( or or ) ( or or ) ( or or ) ( or or ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) and ( )

64

65 m 7m 84m EMO (a) (a) (b) (b)

66 4.10: (L)= (K)= (B)= (W)= ( )= ( )= L K B W 58

67 (a) 4 (b) :

68 4 Objectives Fitness Generation (a) 4 Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting 6 Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Obj5 Wall Obj6 Duct Generation (b) : 10 Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= Obj5= Obj6= 60

69

70 L L K m

71 : EC (b)

72 Scilab Dell Pentium 4 CPU 3.2GHz 3.19GHz, RAM 1GB,OS Microsoft Windows XP SP2 6 Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Obj5 Wall Obj6 Duct Generation 4.14: Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= Obj5= Obj6= 64

73 5 65

74 5.1 4 IEC IEC IEC EMO IEC EMO [3, 26] IEC EMO 66

75 EMO IEC EMO IEC EMO MOGA IEC EMO IEC 2 2 IEC EMO 1 EMO IEC EMO IEC [26] IEC IEC EMO

76 5 EC GA [39] Micro Electro Mechanical Systems MEMS [17] EC m 7m 84m =20m 2 =15m 2 1 3= 12m 2 =9m 2 =4m 2 1= = = = = =

77 5.1: 2 = = = 1 3 = = 69

78 (a) (b) 5.2:

79 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :

80 (a) (a) 5.5(b) 5.4:

81 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :

82 (a) 5.7(b) 4 5.6:

83 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :

84 (a) 5.9(b) 4 5.8:

85 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :

86 (a) (b) 5.11(a) :

87 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :

88 :

89 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :

90

91 MOGA

92 (b) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation 5.14:

93 6 85

94 EMO 20 IEC 5 4 7m 7m=49m [26]

95 5 7 PC GUI GUI Generation

96 6.1: GUI 6.2: 2 /3 Visual Studio C++ 88

97 A B A, B RC 49m 2 1 1m 2 1m 1m 89

98 LR DK BR 2D/3D 2D/3D 10 LR=16m 2 DK=12m 2 =9m 2 BR=12m 2 1/7 1m 2 / 2m 2 / DK LR

99 A B

100 : (b) (b) 92

101 (a) 1 (b) 2 6.4:

102 (a) 1 (b) 2 6.5: A B

103 B B B 95

104 6.1: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

105 6.2: 2 (1) A, (2) A, (3), (4) B, (5) B

106 6.6: 1 98

107 6.7: 2 99

108 6.8: 3 100

109 BR 1 LR LR DK LD 1 DK LR DK 2. BR. 1 1 BR, 1 101

110 1 LR DK LR D 3D 2D 3D 1 2D 2D 7 3D 3 1 2D 1 3D 1 102

111 2D 3D 1 1 3D 1 DR LR 1 BR D 1 5,4,3,2,

112 B

113 (b) (b)

114 B B 2 5 2D 3D 2D 2D 106

115 5 EMO 5 GUI 107

116 7 108

117 MOGA IEC 21 EC MOGA EMO

118 4 6 IEC IEC EMO EMO EMO IEC 5 EMO 110

119 5 GUI VLSI

120 8 112

121 EMO EMO IEC EMO MOGA 4 EMO IEC IEC EMO 3 113

122 [69] MOGA [8, 9, 40] 114

123 PD 21 COE

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