進化的計算手法を用いた建築計画に関する研究
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1 A Study of Architectural Planning Using Evolutionary Computing Methods Makoto Inoue
2 EC L EMO IEC
3 1. 2. EC EMO MOGA EMO 3 EMO IEC EC EMO MOGA EMO
4 Abstract Architectural (spatial) planning problems are how necessary rooms (subspaces) are arranged within a planning area or how the subspaces are ordered by dividing the area. The experience, the skill, and the sense, etc. are needed so that planners may hold the space plan because there are a lot of plan requirements and conditions in this space plan according to the objects. The purpose of this research is to propose it concerning the architectural plan, especially the (room layouts) plans by using Evolutionary Computation (EC) methods, and the use possibility to actual architectural plans is shown by the experiments and consideration. It is general that the purposes extend to many in the space plan fields including Architecture. Evolutionary Multi-objective Optimization (EMO) methods might be used as a technology that optimizes multi-objective. However, there is too no research that uses this EMO in the space plan fields. In addition, there is no spatial planning support system that combines EMO with Interactive Evolutionary Computation (IEC) yet. Architectural planning (support) system that uses EC methods of the proposal consists of the optimization part with spatial layout planning generation part. The spatial layout planning generation part consists of the space generation algorithm and the growth rules, generates the architectural room layout plans. The optimization part consists of EMO to optimize multi-objective under restrictions of specifications, and IEC for planning that fills difficult objectives to quantify like experience, knowledge, and sensibility, etc... This research shows a proposal of the new method that makes the spatial layout plans, the made room layout plans should be able to be optimized by EC methods by applying this technique to the architectural room plan making, and the spatial generation algorithm and the growth rule proposes by the experiment can be applied to the spatial planning support system. The original matter that is accomplished by this research is brought together as follows. It made and it proposed the spatial generation algorithm and the rule that were able to be optimized for architectural planning by EC, EMO has been adjusted to be suitable for the architectural planning problem of setting it this time, and the introduction of the IEC method was tried to EMO as the interactive
5 EMO and a useful verification was done about the how to combine. Moreover, it can be said that the one of this study proposal reached at the level that can be used for the spatial planning support system though the restriction had been accompanied in the space plan up to now.
6 i
7 EMO IEC ii
8 iii
9 1 1
10 : VIA Nano Processor[66] 2
11 1.2: [28] (a) [43, 44, 45, 48] L 6. (b) 3
12 [64] [62] (c) 5 [23] [42] 4
13 (a) (b) (c) (d) EC 2. EC EMO 3. EMO IEC 5
14
15 1.3 3 EMO IEC [61] IEC 1.3 IEC 1.3: 7
16 EC EMO 4. GUI EC 5. EMO EC EMO EC
17 EMO IEC EMO IEC EMO 6 6 IEC EMO
18 1.4: 10
19 2 11
20 [60] [1, 50, 51] p p n d(p,p n ) p i V (p i ) [51] VLSI V (p i ) = {p d(p, p i ) d(p, p j ), j i} (2.1) 12
21 2.1: EMO EC [14, 27, 60] EMO EC EC EMO EMO EMO [5, 55] 1985 Vector Evaluated Genetic Algorithm VEGA [57] Schaffer Goldberg [13] Fonseca Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm MOGA [7] [4, 52] Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II ( NSGA-II ) [6] EMO EMO MOGA EMO MOGA 13
22 MOGA [5] MOGA EMO EC Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto( ) f 1,..., f p X, f i (x) f i (x ) i = 1,..., p (2.2) f i (x) < f i (x ) i {1,..., p} (2.3) x X [46]. Fonseca MOGA i r i i n i r i = 1 + n i (2.4) 14
23 2.2: Fonseca [7] A H f 1 f 2 EMO MOGA MOGA i j d ij 2.5 fk max fk min k d ij d ij = M ( f (i) k k=1 fk max f (j) k f min k ) 2 (2.5) i σ share k d ik
24 Sh(d ik ) 2.6 { 1 d ik σ Sh(d ik ) = share (d ik σ share ) 0 ( ) (2.6) Sh(d ik ) r i µ(r i ) nc i 2.7 nc i = µ(r i ) j=1 Sh(d ij ) (2.7) i N i 2.8 i r i 1 F i = N µ(k) 0.5(µ(r i ) 1) (2.8) k=1 F i nc j 2.9 F j = F j /nc j (2.9) 2.10 F i F j F jµ (r) F µ(r) j (2.10) k=1 F k F i EC EMO EMO 4 6 [23, 24] [23, 24, 71] 16
25 2.1.4 [60, 61] EC 2.3: 17
26 2.2 [12, 16, 37] [19] [33] [67, 68] [63] 2 2 [22] 2.4 EC 18
27 2.4: 2 L L1 L2 [38] [15, 43, 44, 48] [35] 19
28 [42] [10] Kozminski [30] L [31] [62] 1 20
29 [54] [59] [21] [25] [64]
30 [20] 1 1 [53] EC [34] VLSI LSI [41] [49] [58] [65] LSI 22
31 EMO IEC [26] EMO IEC EC [3] IGA IGA [56] [2] GA 23
32 3 24
33 [38] EC 1. m n
34 : L K W B [51] growth model [51] [51] 26
35 Karlsruhe n (=1, 2, 3, or 4) 27
36 :. L 28
37 3.1.3 Problem Analysis Diagram PAD [11] 3.3 L 29
38 3.3: PAD EMO 3.1 [(6,5),(3,7),(2,3),(8,7)],
39 3.4:. 31
40 3.2 [22] 1.3 L :. 1m
41 3.6:. 3.7 L : n W K L 3.8 L [22] 33
42 3.8: m 3.10 L 34
43 3.9: : EC = ( ) 35
44 2. 7 7= [38] 49, =49 ( 6 C ( 6 C 2 6 C 1 ) 18 + ( 6 C 1 6 C 1 6 C 1 ) 2 ( 6 C 1 6 C 1 )) 4! =49, = P 4 = = 5, 085, !=24 122,040, ,040, : : 4 49 [38] 49, ,040,576 36
45 3.3 1m 1m m 7m 12m 7m : WEB (SI) [28] 1,000mm (910mm ) 1m 7m 7m 7m 7m [29, 70] 7m 7m 12m 7m 37
46 7m 7m 2 2m
47 4 39
48 [7] 3. [5] EC 40
49 4.2 4 EMO IEC 7 4 [62] IEC 1 49 m 2 =16m 2 =12m 2 =9m 2 =12m 2 i a i â i f 1 i (a i ) 4.1 ±10% [29, 70] 4 f 1 = 4 i=1 f 1 i (a i ) 41
50 4.1: 1 i â i a i i / r i f 2 i (r i ) 4.2 r i 1(1:1) 0.5(1:2) [29, 70] [62] 2 g 2 i ( a i )/( i ) L g 2 i 3 w i =0.75 =0.50 =0.10 =1.00 f 2 = 4 i=1 (w i f 2 i (r i ) g 2 i ) 42
51 4.2: 2 i r i or or or or 43
52 4 1/7 1m 2 /m 2m 2 /m 1/ f 4 4.3: 4 i a i w i 5 4 EMO EMO 44
53 IEC 7 45
54 m 7m 49m INRIA Scilab : % 100% share (49)/4 1.3 IEC EMO 21 [22] 46
55 4 6 EMO Multi Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) [7] MOGA [5] MOGA [7] EC EC (a) 4.4: Obj 47
56 Obj4 Sunlighting Obj3 Circulation 0.7 Fitness Obj2 Proportion Obj1 Area Size Generations 4.5: 10 4 Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= MOGA 2 d MOGA d d 1 share ( 49)/ EMO 48
57 4.6: 1 (B)= (W)= (K)= (L)= B,W,K,L (a) (a)
58 (a) 4 (b) 6 4.7: (b) 4 Obj1 Obj2 4.8(a) 6 4.8(b)
59 Obj4 Sunlighting Obj3 Circulation Obj2 Proportion Obj1 Area Size Fitness Generations (a) Obj4 Sunlighting Obj3 Circulation 0.7 Fitness Obj2 Proportion Obj1 Area Size Obj5 Wall Obj6 Duct Generations (b) 6 4.8: 10 Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= Obj5= Obj6= 51
60 Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj4 Sunlighting Obj2 Proportion Obj5 Wall Obj3 Circulation Obj6 Duct Generation 4.9: Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= Obj5= Obj6= (a) IEC 21 EC IEC IEC 52
61 [18, 32, 36, 47] IEC IEC 6 EC 4.8(b) [23] IEC 53
62 m 2 =20m 2 =16m 2 1=12m 2 2=12m 2 3=12m 2 =9m 2 =1m 2 82m 2 i a i â i f 1 i (a i ) f 1 = 7 i=1 f 1 i (a i ) ) i / r i f 2 i (r i ) g 2 i ( a i)/( i ) 3 w i =0.75 = =1.00 =0.25 = =0.10 f 2 = 7 i=1 (w i f 2 i (r i ) g 2 i )
63 7 1 ( or or ) ( or or ) 1 ( or or ) 1 ( or or ) 2 ( or or ) 2 ( or or ) 3 ( or or ) 3 ( or or ) ( or or ) ( or or ) ( or or ) ( or or ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) and ( ) ( ) and ( )
64
65 m 7m 84m EMO (a) (a) (b) (b)
66 4.10: (L)= (K)= (B)= (W)= ( )= ( )= L K B W 58
67 (a) 4 (b) :
68 4 Objectives Fitness Generation (a) 4 Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting 6 Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Obj5 Wall Obj6 Duct Generation (b) : 10 Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= Obj5= Obj6= 60
69
70 L L K m
71 : EC (b)
72 Scilab Dell Pentium 4 CPU 3.2GHz 3.19GHz, RAM 1GB,OS Microsoft Windows XP SP2 6 Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Obj5 Wall Obj6 Duct Generation 4.14: Obj1= Obj2= Obj3= Obj4= Obj5= Obj6= 64
73 5 65
74 5.1 4 IEC IEC IEC EMO IEC EMO [3, 26] IEC EMO 66
75 EMO IEC EMO IEC EMO MOGA IEC EMO IEC 2 2 IEC EMO 1 EMO IEC EMO IEC [26] IEC IEC EMO
76 5 EC GA [39] Micro Electro Mechanical Systems MEMS [17] EC m 7m 84m =20m 2 =15m 2 1 3= 12m 2 =9m 2 =4m 2 1= = = = = =
77 5.1: 2 = = = 1 3 = = 69
78 (a) (b) 5.2:
79 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :
80 (a) (a) 5.5(b) 5.4:
81 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :
82 (a) 5.7(b) 4 5.6:
83 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :
84 (a) 5.9(b) 4 5.8:
85 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :
86 (a) (b) 5.11(a) :
87 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :
88 :
89 (a) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation (b) :
90
91 MOGA
92 (b) Objectives Fitness Obj1 Area Size Obj2 Proportion Obj3 Circulation Obj4 Sunlighting Generation 5.14:
93 6 85
94 EMO 20 IEC 5 4 7m 7m=49m [26]
95 5 7 PC GUI GUI Generation
96 6.1: GUI 6.2: 2 /3 Visual Studio C++ 88
97 A B A, B RC 49m 2 1 1m 2 1m 1m 89
98 LR DK BR 2D/3D 2D/3D 10 LR=16m 2 DK=12m 2 =9m 2 BR=12m 2 1/7 1m 2 / 2m 2 / DK LR
99 A B
100 : (b) (b) 92
101 (a) 1 (b) 2 6.4:
102 (a) 1 (b) 2 6.5: A B
103 B B B 95
104 6.1: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
105 6.2: 2 (1) A, (2) A, (3), (4) B, (5) B
106 6.6: 1 98
107 6.7: 2 99
108 6.8: 3 100
109 BR 1 LR LR DK LD 1 DK LR DK 2. BR. 1 1 BR, 1 101
110 1 LR DK LR D 3D 2D 3D 1 2D 2D 7 3D 3 1 2D 1 3D 1 102
111 2D 3D 1 1 3D 1 DR LR 1 BR D 1 5,4,3,2,
112 B
113 (b) (b)
114 B B 2 5 2D 3D 2D 2D 106
115 5 EMO 5 GUI 107
116 7 108
117 MOGA IEC 21 EC MOGA EMO
118 4 6 IEC IEC EMO EMO EMO IEC 5 EMO 110
119 5 GUI VLSI
120 8 112
121 EMO EMO IEC EMO MOGA 4 EMO IEC IEC EMO 3 113
122 [69] MOGA [8, 9, 40] 114
123 PD 21 COE
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