A Paradox of Happiness Adam Smith s Discourse on Happiness This article discusses the discourse on happiness of Smith s The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759). Real happiness consists of the enjoyment involved in our own experiences and the sole end of all governments is to promote the external circumstances of real happiness. Nevertheless, we tend to have an illusion of a state of perfect happiness. Smith focussed on the fact that the said illusion paradoxically brought the political, economical and ethical effects to society. In brief, happiness is an essential subject as a social theory to Smith. Hiroshi Takemoto JEL B31 Keywords real happiness, perfect happiness, fake I. II. III. IV. IV-1. IV-2. IV-3. IV-4. V. V-1. V-2. 1
71 3 V-3. V-4. VI. VII. VIII. I. 497-406 1723-1790 52/151 1) 1) A. Smith, The Theory of the Moral Sentiments, London, 1759. Ed. by D. D. Raphael and A. L. Macfie, Oxford University Press, 1976 Glasgow Edition, p.52. 6 BP 2014 151 52/151 2
2) fallacious sense of guilt 107-108/266 3) 12/64 2) Thomas Otway, 1652-1685 1680 Thomas Southerne, 1660-1746 1694 1 2 2 3) unhappy delusions 1694-1778 1742 the greatest mutual forbearance and toleration 176-177/385-387 3
71 3 Great King, live for ever! 52/151 Great King 3 16-18 1689-1755 1748 106/264-265 105/263 general maxim 104-105/261-262 4
necessary rule of justice only 105/262-263 107/265 II. 13/65 12/65 5
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13/66 121/291, 132/305-306 Tartarus and Elysium 91/231 91/231-232 7) 132/306 134/308-309 III. tranquility and enjoyment 149/334 7) 3 5 163-164/362-363 9
71 3 150/336 185/401 185/401-402 45/138 health debt clear conscience 142/320 117-119/286-288 10
6 8) 8) dignity independency 256/542 11
71 3 9) 9) 384-322 10 6 7 10 38-42 12
IV. IV-1. 41-42/129-130 144-145/325 13
71 3 149/334 259/547 40 259/548 IV-2. 51-52/150 14
10) 150/335 150/336 10) 1712-1778 15
71 3 IV-3. 249/532 45-46/139 47/141 16
250/532 42/131 42/131-132 inferiors 11) IV-4. 87/223 efficient cause final 11) A. Smith, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, ed. by J. C. Bryce, Oxford University Press, 1983, p.124. 2004 216 17
71 3 cause 87/224 87/223-224 refined and enlightened reason wisdom of God 87/224-225 89-90/228-229 89/228 civil police 18
89-90/228-230 V. V-1. 57/161 182/397-398 1 toil and anxiety 19
71 3 182-186/398-400 183/401 158/351 IV 1 20
63/169-170 427-347 189/410 189-190/410-411 12) 12) 68E 69A 193-194 21
71 3 1 3 5 V-2. 183-184/400 18 5 1 22
13) rape of the earth Providence 184-185/401 184/400 13) 2014 43-46 23
71 3 184/401 IV 4 184/401 invisible being 107/265 24
V-3. constitutions of government 185/403 226/488 sole only 25
71 3 106/263 185/403 185/402 26
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71 3 55/157 41/128-129 patronage 95/242 56/158 56/158-159 28
V-4. 2 14) 52/152 15) 14) 2015 I 3 15) 1530-1563 19 1533-1592 2013 43-45 48 1 2 29
71 3 arts 14 = 54/154-154 4 5 1 4 1 3 2 1 52/152 submit to them[kings] for their own sake Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, London, 1776. Oxford University Press, 1976, Vol.2, pp.710-714, 1976 III 34-38 30
53/152-153 16) 53/153 1632-1704 V 1 course of human affairs fortunate violence 253/536-537 100-44 356-323 406?-453 1162-1227 1336-1405 16) 69 3 2015 12 4 31
71 3 253/537 253/536 natural course of things 17) 17) VI 32
167-168/369-370 168/371 168-169/371 course of human affairs natural course of things natural course 33
71 3 18) VI. 18) D. 1711-1776 1748 1745 D. Hume, Of Passive Obedience Three Essays, Moral, and Political, London, 1748, in Essays Moral, Political, and Literary, ed. by E. F. Miller, Revised Edition, Liberty Classics, Indianapolis, 1987, pp.488-492. 2011 393-396 37-68 51-96 1763 3 22 A. Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence, ed. by R. L. Meek, D. D. Raphael and P.G. Stein, Oxford University Press, 1978, pp.318-321. 1762 1763 2012 339-342 34
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3 indulgence 144/324 equal degrees of merit 62/168 63/169 merit and demerit 19) commercial society 1 1 19) 37
71 3 61/166 6 1790 1 3 3 1763 1 14 Servility 20) 20) A. Smith, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, p.124. 215 38
21) VIII. II 21) 5 1979 551A 187 3 4 18 39
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