=======================1== =============================== = == 1 1.1 1.1.1 2 flow stock GDP } {{ } 1.2 1.2.1 11 = 2
1.1. () 1 1 2 2 1 3 3
GDP 3 1.2. () 4
() 4 5
5 10 15 10 15 20 = 1 = 0 = 10 = 15 10 = 10 0 = 10 10 5 = 15 10 = 5 15 5 = 20 15 = 5 20 = = 10 + 15 + 20 = 45 GDP = 10 + 5 + 5 = 20 = GDP 1015 10 + 15 + 20 = 45 6
= GDP ()() 1 = + + } {{} } {{ } } {{} 10 5 5 = 10 + 5 + 5 = 20 2020 = 1.2.2 (GDP Gross Domestic Product) 1.3. (GDP ) (GDP )(1) GDP GDP = 7
GDP Domestic made in Japan Gross GDP Products = GDP GDP GDP GDP 2 GDP 1. 2. 8
(GNIGross National Income) 1.4. (GNI) (GNI) GNI National made by Japanese Gross GNI Income = GNI = GNP 1 = (GNI) 1 GDP (GNI) 9
1.1. (GDP GNI ) GDP GNI () GNI GDP () GNI GDP GDP GNI GDP GNI GNI GNI GDP GNI GNI = GDP + = GDP + = = + = = () 10
GDP (GDEGross Domestic Expenditure) } {{ } GDP (GDE) GDE Y Cconsumption Iinvestment Ggovernment expenditure Xexport Mimport SKincrease in stocks = + + = + 19
1.3 1.3.1 (1) 1 2 3 1 2 3 25
2. I 2 II I I AG I A 20 70 B C D 60 200 E G F 200 II 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 A B C D E F G 1 1010020180403050 2 10100401005080100 3 20110301006080120 4 30 8040110 5030 80 5 30120201804050 50 33
I 10 20 70 B 40 100 60 200 E F 100 200 II 0.1 = 10 100 0.1 = 20 200 0.4 = 40 100 0.5 = 100 200 10.5 10.1 10.4 10.1 step 1 = = step 2 1 A + 20 + 70 = B(= G) 2 C + D + 60 = 200 34
step 3 1 A + C + E = G(= B) 2 20 + D + F = 200 step 4 D = 0.5 200 D = 100 2 C } + 100 + {{ 60 = 200 } C = 40 2 A = 0.1 G = C = 0.4 G 40 = 0.4 G G = 100(= B) 1A + 20 + 70 = 100 A = 10 110 + 40 + E = 100 E = 50 220 + 100 + F = 200 F = 80 2 35
2.3 45 2.3.1 45() 45 I = I I I = I I = S O Y 1 Y 2 Y Y = C + I Y Y = C + I (6) C = c 0 + cy (7) I = I (8) (7)(8)(6) Y = c 0 + cy } {{ } C + I I Y cy = c 0 + I Y () = c 0 + I Y = 1 ( c0 + I ) 66
Y D, Y S Y Y S 45 Y D = C + I Y S c 0 + I c 0 C E I = I Y = C + S C = c 0 + cy Y Y = 1 ( c0 + I ) I I O Y Y 45( = ) }{{ Y = Y S } 45 45 Y D = C + I C = c 0 + cy I E(Y S )(Y D ) 45 E = = Y Y S Y D 2.1. () Y = C + I C = 20 + 0.8Y S = 20 + 0.2Y I = 40 67
() 2.1. Y Y = C + I Y S = Y D Y = 20 } + {{ 0.8Y } + 40 C I 0.2Y = 60 Y = 300() 2.3.2 45 Y S, Y D Y Y S 45 C 1 Y D = C + I A E D E 2 B 1Y S > Y D 2Y S < Y D O Y 1 Y Y 2 Y Y Y 1 Y D Y S Y 1 AB Y Y 2 Y S Y D Y 2 CD 68
Y S = Y D ()Y S = Y D () 1Y S > Y D ()2Y S < Y D () Y S = Y D ()Y S = Y D () Y S > Y D IS Y S < Y D IS Y f 69
2.4 2.4.1 Y = C + I C = c 0 + cy I = I Y = 1 ( c0 + I ) Y = 1 I C I GT () T }{{ G } GT Y = C + I Y = C + I + G C = c 0 + cy C = c 0 + c(y T ) I = I I = I G = G T = T Ttax Y T T T = T C = c 0 + c (Y T ) 83
Y = C + I + G C = c 0 + c(y T ) () I = I ()G = G ()T = T Y = C + I + G Y = c 0 + c(y T ) + I } {{ T } C I Y = c 0 + cy ct + I + G Y cy = c 0 ct + I + G Y () = c 0 ct + I + G Y = 1 + G G ( c0 + I + G ct ) G = T = 0 Y = 1 ( c0 + I + G ct ) cc 0 Y = 1 ( I + G c T ) Y = 1 ( I + G c T ) Y I G = T = 0 Y = 1 Y I I = 1 } {{ } 84
I = T = 0 I = G = 0 Y = 1 ( I + G c T ) Y G I = T = 0 Y = 1 Y G G = 1 }{{ } Y = 1 ( I + G c T ) Y T I = G = 0 c T T > 0 Y = Y = c T T < 0 Y T = c }{{ } Y T = c }{{ } 2.4. () 1 c 1 c G }{{ = T}, I = 0 Y = 1 ( I + G c T ) Y G T G = T I = 0 Y = 1 ( G c G) Y = 1 { G()} Y = G Y = G Y G = 1 85
= 1 T = T 1 T = T + ty M = M + my 17. Y = C + I + G C = 50 + 0.8(Y T ) 10 1 5 2 8 3 10 4 12 5 15 Y = C + I + G C = 50 + 0.8(Y T ) I = I, G = G, T = T G = T = 10 Y =? (Y S = Y D Y = C + I + G) ( G }{{ = T} = Y ) Y = 50 + 0.8(Y T ) + I } {{ T } C I + G G 87
Y = 50 + 0.8Y 0.8T + I + G 0.2Y = 50 0.8T + I + G Y = 1 ( ) 50 0.8T + I + G 0.2 Y = 1 ( 0.8 T + G) I = 0 0.2 T = G = 10 Y = 1 ( 0.8 10 + 10) 0.2 Y = 5 ( 8 + 10) Y = 10 = 1 2.4.2 T = T + ty T = T + ty T ty t t = T }{{ Y } t Y 1T t 88
= 1 r D 0 D 0 = 3000 600 = 2400 3.4.4 CP M Ccash currency Ddeposit currency M = C + D H CRreserves H = C + R 157
M H M H = C + D C + R (3) M H 1 M H (3)D M H = C D + 1 C D + R D (4) C D = R D = (4) C D = α R D = β M H = α + 1 () α + β M = α + 1 α + β H (5) M = α + 1 α + β H M H = α + 1 α + β H α + 1 α + β ( ) R D 158
C D R D M H C C M D R R H M = C + D H = C + R 3.4. () M H M = C + D H = C + R CDR 0.20.18 159
=======================4== IS LM =============================== = == 4 IS LM } {{ } IS LM 1 Y r 4.1 45 45 I I = I I = S O Y 1 Y 2 Y 45 Y = C + I + G 45 I = I 178
4.2 I r r r 2 r 1 O I = I(r) I 1 I 2 I IS LM Y = C + I(r) + G IS LM IS r I Y r I Y 4.3 IS 4.1. (IS) IS I S Y r 179
4.3.1 IS IS IInvestment SSaving ISIS1 Y S, Y D Y = Y S 45 Y D 3 = C + I(r 3 ) + G E 3 Y D 2 = C + I(r 2 ) + G E 2 O Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y r r 2 A E 2 B r 3 E 3 ISY S = Y D IS O Y 1 Y 2 Y 3 Y 180
4.4.3 LM LM r r M S > M D LM M S = M D r M S < M D O Y M S = M D ()M S = M D () M S > M D () M S < M D () M S = M D ()M S = M D () M S > M D LM M S < M D LM 192
4.11.2 r LM 0 r LM 0 LM 1 M G E 2 r 0 E 0 r 0 E 0 E 1 IS 2 O Y 0 IS 0 Y O Y 0 IS 0 Y 1 IS 1 Y 2 Y G = Y LM LM LM LM 0 LM 1 r }{{ 0 } ISLM E 0 LM Y 0 ISIS 0 IS 1 ISIS 0 IS 1 E 0 E 1 Y 0 Y 1 45 226
LM 4.6. () 4.7. () LM 4.11.3 LM M P = ky L 1 (Y ) LM IS 227
=======================5== AD AS =============================== = == 5 AD AS 5.1 ADaggregate demand 45 (Y ) IS LM IS(Y, r) LM (Y, r) AD AS ADAS (Y, P ) ISLM (Y, r ) AD(Y, P ) AS(Y, P ) 5.1.1 AD 4 AD ASAD AS } {{ } ADAS 5.1. (AD) AD Y P 259
AD r() r 0 r 1 r 2 ( ) LM M 0 P 0 E 0 E 1 E 2 LM 1 ( M P 1 ) LM 2 ( M P 2 ) P 0 > P 1 > P 2 IS 0 O Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y P () P 0 E 0 E 1 P 1 P 2 E 2 AD P ( ) Y ( ) O Y 0 Y 1 Y 2 Y P 0 ISLM(P 0 )E 0 Y 0 P 0 P 1 P 2 M P LM Y 1 Y 2 AD P Y AD P M r } P {{} LM I Y IS AD 260
5.7 5.7.1 W u W 100 W u W W u W uunemployment rate W W α β α w u w β w u u n w W W = 0 u = u n u n O u 288