A Study on Maximum Non-taxable Income System of Individual Inhabitants Taxes on Per Capita Basis and Income Basis This paper examines the significance

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A Study on Maximum Non-taxable Income System of Individual Inhabitants Taxes on Per Capita Basis and Income Basis This paper examines the significance of the maximum non-taxable income system of the individual inhabitants tax to reduce the tax burden of the low-income earner. An introduction and the circumstances of the revision of maximum non-taxable income are shown, and the amendment and the changes revision in the level are analyzed. Results reveal the system can be evaluated as measures to reduce tax burden on low-income earners. This study indicates that perpetuation or abolition of the maximum non-taxable income of income basis should be considered in the light of the existence of the taxation threshold and the introduction of refundable tax credits. Saori Nagashima JEL H71 Keywords individual inhabitants tax, maximum non-taxable income, taxation threshold * 21 109

67 4 1 5 1 25 1 25 3 1) 2) 3) 26 2001 1) 25 1 18 2) 3) 2012 41-42 110

4) 2009 1 5) 2013 6) 2010 1 2 2 7) 4) 2001 123 5) 2009 95-96 6) 2013 211-12 7) 24 25 25 4 1 111

67 4 51 295 3 8) 24 5 3 47 3 9) 25 4 1 1 35 35 21 21 12 31 125 17 18 65 26 18 8) 9) 112

9 2 3 10) 1 1.0 2 0.9 3 0.8 9 2 3 56 58 59 25 4 1 35 32 3 3 11) 3 3 12) 1 10) 2 35 30 3 9 4 11) 12) 35 32 113

67 4 1 1) 2) 3) 4) 1 1.0 2 0.9 3 0.8 5) 25 4 1 13) 1 2 11 3 12 14) 3 2 13) 14) 2009 114

3.1 51 1 15) 2 35 30 3 9 4 40 16) 295 1 2 17) 40 15) 40 4 16) 51 221-23 17) 223 115

67 4 51 1 15 2 13 3 11 4 9 2 S51 12 31 18) 53 40 12 31 52 1 1.0 2 0.9 3 0.8 4 0.7 19) 2 14 56 1 59 20) 3 2 H3 2 34 4 2 99 100 18) 223-24 19) 53 244-46 20) 59 144 146 116

21) 16 2 H16 13 14 15 16 24 22 22) 18 17 4 2 1 4 2 H18 22 21 23) 25 7 3.2 56 21) 3 226-27 22) 16 313-14 23) 18 333-35 117

67 4 24) 25) 56 56 26) 57 56 2 S56 27 24) 56 137-39 25) 228 26) 133 3 3 2 118

27) 27 28) 29) 30) 57 56 56 56 27 9 2 S57 27) 2 27 4 175.7 28) 29) 134-35 30) 27 119

67 4 31) 58 56 57 59 58 11 59 32) 62 63 223 213.5 3 33) 2 1 14 16 2 H16 13 14 15 31) 57 99-100 32) 59 272 33) 62 162 20 30 89.2 88 3 203.9 213.5 120

16 36 35 34) 18 17 4 2 1 4 2 H18 35 32 35) 21 4 2 1) 2) 1 3) n 4 3 1 1 2 34) 16 313-14 35) 18 333-35 121

67 4 2 3 1 4 2 4.1 4.1.1 51 25 t T E P CR t 51 52 53 t LA t 1 1 1 2 36) LA t = 12X m=1 LA I m,t 1 + 12X m=1la Hs m,t 1 +X m LA Hw m,t 1!+ 4 YEA t 1 (1) LA I m,t 1 t 1 m 1 LA Hs m,t 1 t 1 m 2 4 LA Hwm,t 1 t 1 m 2 4 m = 1, 2, 3, 11, 12Y EA t 1 t 1 2 1 LA I m,t 1 17 4 4 1 d m,t 1 LA I m,t 1 =(LA Im m,t 1 +LA If m,t 1 +LA Ib m,t 1 +LA Ig m,t 1 ) d m,t 1 36) 4. 2. 1 122

LA Im m,t 1 t 1 m 35 1 LA If m,t 1 t 1 m 30 1 LA Ib m,t 1 t 1 m 3 9 1 LA Ig m,t 1 t 1 m 4 1 t LASD t (2) t LASDR i (3) LASD t = T E P CR t LA t (2) LASDR i = (T E P CR t LA t ) LA t 100 (3) 58 60 3 25 255.7 235.2 20.5 8.7% 58 5.5% 51 13.2% 61 10% 55 61 55 10.1% 8.9% 61 9.4% 2.9% 12 0.2% 2 4.1% 16 2.4% 18 5.4% 16 18 16 1.1% 123

67 4 3 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 S51 53 55 57 59 61 63 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 250 13.2 11.511.3 200 % 15.0 8.58.78.78.78.78.7 12.0 7.5 150 100 50 0-50 9.0 5.4 6.2 5.2 4.5 4.1 3.5 6.0 3.5 2.8 2.9 2.92.9 2.42.8 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.50.7 3.0 0.9 1.2 0.6 0.2 0.10.20.1 0.0 S51 53 55 57 59 61 63 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24-1.7-3.0-100 -5.5-6.0 1) 1 2) 3) (2) 4) 0 0 2 0.7%18 2.9% 0.5% 124

37) 17 4 1 4 0.98 19 0.95 3 0.987 4.1.2 20-30 2 30 20 1 3 25 4 1 30 20 4 40 2 4 40 4.1.1 53 25 38) 4 25 8.7%4 3 3.5% 4 0.1% 3.3% 2 1.9% 3 5.5% 37) 18 16 257.1 255.7 38) 51 51 52 53 125

67 4 4 % 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0-10.0 20-30 330 204 30 2094 23020 3 30 440-20.0 S53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 H1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1) 1 2) 3) 0 0 2 2 39) 1 17 4 1 1 39) 53 60 4 35 30 9 4 61 3 33 29 4 126

20 4.1.1 2 4 3 3 4 21 53 58 8 4.2 4.2.1 56 25 t T E IR t t P A t 1 1 1 2 127

67 4 P A t = LA t + 12X m=1 EA Es m,t 1 + 12X m=1 HA m,t 1 (4) EA Es m,t 1 t 1 m HA m,t 1 t 1 m 21 4 t P ASD t (5) t P ASDR i (6) P ASD t = T E IR t P A t (5) P ASDR i = (T E IR t P A t ) P A t 100 (6) 5 25 271.4 256.5 14.9 5.8% 11 13 0.2% 56 8.3% 59 8% 59 11 0.2% 61 4.2% 16 2.4% 18 4.0% 16 18 16 0.5% 0.6%18 2.7%-1.6% 17 4 1 4 128

5 3,000 3,500 2,500 2,000 1,500 200 150 8.3 S56 58 60 62 H1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 7.5 6.1 6.9 7.1 6.5 5.8 5.8 5.8 % 10.0 7.5 100 50 0 1.1 3.2 1.3 4.2 2.2 0.6 1.9 2.2 2.3 2.3 1.7 2.9 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 2.8 2.3 2.3 2.4 S56 58 60 62 H1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 4.0 5.0 2.5 0.0 1) 2 56 2 13 2 1 1 2) 3) (2) 4 0 0 2 129

67 4 0.98 19 0.95 62 63 17 18 17 24 56 62 17 25 40) 3 0.984 4.2.2 40) 5 17 23 271.4 270 130

4.2.1 56 25 6 25 5.8%4 3 3.3% 16.0% 2 2.7% 3 9.1% 4 3.5% 4.1.2 4.2.1 6 % 15.0 10.0 5.0 20-30 330 204 30 2094 23020 3 30 440 0.0-5.0-10.0-15.0-20.0 S56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 H1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1) 2) 0 0 2 131

67 4 2 4 3 3 4 21 4 3 4 7 62 17 18 24 58 59 10% 132

7 1,200 1,000 800 600 S56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 H1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 S56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 H1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 S56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 H1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 133

67 4 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 S56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 H1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 S5657 58 59 60 61 62 63 H1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 2 134

5 41) 4 10% 41) 2013 135

67 4 2 3 42) 2 3 2010 43) 3 42) 2007, 2012 25 2 19 38 43) 2010 31-32 136

2 44) 45) 2012 1573 11 34-44 2013 2 1580 2 4-13 44) 2001 2011 45) 62 162 5 113-14 137

67 4 2009 Minerva 4 2011 3 66 8 8 162-81 2013 24 68 5 5 194-214 2001 2010 10 3 23-33 1986 2012 24 2009 60 11 11 90-96 2001 52 9 9 118-23 2007 424 12 16-19 2012 1574 11 25-29 138