a b pp 調査方法の概要 1.2 km m a 1a 2a b 1.5 m 7 m 18 図 1

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Bull. Ibaraki Nat. Mus., (13): 1-21, pls.1-4 (2010) 1 2010 9 7 Large Mammalian Fossil Footprints Discovered from the Miocene Asakawa Formation in Daigo Town, Ibaraki Prefecture Hisao ANDO, Wataru KOIKE, Yoshiki KODA and Yoshiaki OKAMURA (Accepted September 7, 2010) Abstract Large mammalian fossil footprints were discovered from two localities of the Lower Miocene Asakawa Formation in Takikura, Daigo Town, Ibaraki Prefecture. The mode of occurrence and three-dimensional morphology of the footprints are described on the basis of the detailed observation on the exposed bedding plane, photographs, silicon resin molds taken from outcrops and moiré images of the molds. The footprints in each locality are preserved as natural casts and sole marks on the lower bedding surface of trough crossstratified, coarse- to medium-grained sandstone which seems to have deposited under braided river channel environments. The footprints themselves had been formed on the underlying siltstone layers of flood plain origin. The well-preserved five and four footprints among a total of 18 and 11 footprints from locality 1 and 2 respectively are analyzed in terms of three-dimensional morphology. As all of five footprints from locality 1 show three-digit bearing form, similar to a Japanese maple leaf, their producer is inferred to be a Perissodactylan animal such as rhinoceros or tapir. On the other hand, four footprints in locality 2 have elliptical form with a few frontal small projections and rear-side smooth arched outline, and this shape suggests Proboscidea as a footprint maker. Though a traveling direction of each well-preserved footprint can be inferred from its anteroposterior direction, it is difficult to recognize trackways from the distribution pattern of the footprints on the bedding surface. Key words: Fossil footprint, Perissodactyla, Proboscidea, Lower Miocene, Asakawa Formation, Daigo Town. はじめに 2000; 2009 310-8512 2-1-1 Faculty of Science, Ibaraki University, 2-1-1 Bunkyo, Mito, Ibaraki 310-8512, Japan 306-0622 700 Ibaraki Nature Museum, 700 Osaki, Bando, Ibaraki 306-0622, Japan 520-3005 1022-7 Shiga Fossil Footprint Research Group, 1022-7 Misono, Ritto, Shiga 520-3005, Japan

2 2003 2006 2007a b 2009 2005 2007 2007 2008 2009 3 4 2010 2 2009 pp. 24-25 調査方法の概要 1.2 km 1 300 m 2 2 1 2009 3 4 2010 2 1 2a 1a 2a b 1.5 m 7 m 18 図 1. 1 2 2 5 1 3 2005 4 2007 Fig. 1. Footprint fossil localities on a 1:25,000 scale topographical map, Onakashuku published by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan (Localities 1 and 2). Locality 3: Proboscidea footprint locality reported by Kikuchi et al. (2005), 4: Cetartiodactyla and Avian footprint locality reported by Koike et al. (2007).

3 2a 2c 2 1.5 m 4 m 11 2b 1b 2d 2e f 2009 地質概要 strike-slip basin 1975; 2008 2000 3 a b 図 2. a. 1 35 cm b. 2 300 cm. Fig. 2. Outcrop photographs of two footprint fossil localities. Triangle marks show the footprint fossil horizon. Locality 1, left bank of the Takikurazawa River. Length of the hammer: 35 cm. b. Locality 2 in the north side cliff of town road along the Takikurazawa River. : 300 cm. 図 3.1975 2008 Fig. 3. Stratigraphic division of the studied area based on Otsuki (1975) and Amano (2008).

4 2004 16.7 Ma K-Ar 2007 Arcid-Potamid 2001 1,200 m 30 40 足跡化石層準の堆積相層序 1. 地点 1 10 m 20 m 20 m 2a 4 1a N62 W 26 NE 10 20 cm 40 50 cm I V 5 III V 2 3 III IV III IV V 10 cm 1.5 m III-1 40 cm II II V 1 III IV IV cm 9 cm III-2 III 2. 地点 2 2 1 300 m 50 m 15 m 2b 5 1b 1 120 m 1 22 m I VI I Paliurus protonipponica Plafkeria cf. basiobliqua II 2.5 m 40 cm III IV III 1 m VI V V VI V 1 m m 2.8 m 5 cm I III II IV VI

5 I III 足跡化石の産状 1. 地点 1 IV III 図 4. 1 Fig. 4. Geological columnar section of locality 1, left side of the Takikurazawa River.

6 図 5. 2 Fig. 5. Geological columnar section of locality 2 in the north side cliff of town road along the Takikurazawa River.

7 IV 6 3 1 1.5 m 7 m 18 9 cm 1-01 1-18 7 1 1-18 1 1-A 4a 7 8 1 1-01 1-18 1 1-01 1-04 1-05 1-06 4 1-18 1-A 1 U 1 8 図 6. 1 Fig. 6. The mode of occurrence of the footprint casts exposed on the lower bedding surface of unit IV, locality 1. Sandstone-siltstone layers of the upper part of unit III were eroded away. 図 7. 1 1-01 18 1-A 1 3 10 Fig. 7. Plan view sketch of the lower bedding surface of the footprint horizon at locality 1. Shaded areas show natural casts of footprints (1-01 18) and the concentrated area of footprints (1-A) whose main parts of casts were flaked away due to weathering. Encircled and dotted lines indicate the footprints areas 1 to 3 and the area shown in Fig. 10 respectively. Arrows indicate the inferred traveling directions of the footprint-making animals.

8 表 1. 1 Table 1. List of shapes, preservation states and measured parameters for footprint fossils from locality 1. (mm) (mm) 3 1-01 260 180 30 3 180+ 210 75 Fig. 9a-c 1-02 1-03 190 170 30 3? 105+ 160 55 230 200 40 1-04 230 180 60 3 170+ 205 60 3 1 2 Pl. 3a Fig. 9d-f 1-05 240 170 50 3 190 225 130? Fig. 9g-i 1-06 310 230 50 3 180 180? 1-07 1-08 2 310 260 40 250 240 40 3 /155+ /170 110/100 1-09 160+ 90+ 40 1-10 280 150+ 50 1-11 240 220 30 3 130+ 130+ 70 1-12 480 320 60 3 75 Fig. 9j-l 1-13 270 240 20 3 210 180 75 80 1-14 250 230 20 3 170 175+ 75 1-15 400 200+ 30 1-16 310 240 30 3 60 65 1-17 270 195 90 3 180 1-18 2 3 3 1 - - 0 3 180+ 160 60 Fig. 9m-n 1-A U Pl. 3b Pl. 3c Pl. 3d Pl. 3e Pl. 3f Pl. 3f Pl. 3g Pl.3h Fig. 10, 11, Pl. 4a

9 5 2. 地点 2 II 1.5 m 4 m 11 1 4 b 3 11 cm 2-1 2-11 2 8 2-1 2-3 2-5 2-8 4 足跡化石の形態記載 5 1 2 4 2 1 1 1 3 9 10 11 12 0 12 1 表 2. 2 Table 2. List of shapes, preservation states and measured parameters for footprint fossils from locality 2. (mm) (mm) 2-01 260 180 70 2 180 145 Fig. 11a-c 2-02 2-03 2-04 2-05 190 170 120 230 200 0 220 157 Fig. 11d-e, Pl. 4b 230 180 110 Pl. 4b 240 170 90 190 135 Fig. 11f-h, Pl. 4b Pl. 4b 310 260 110 2-06 310 230 80 2-07 2-08 250 240 70 180 130 Fig. 11i-k 2-09 2-10 2-11 160+ 90+ 30 280 150+ 60 240 220 100

10 図 8. 2 4b Fig. 8. Plan view sketch of the lower bedding surface of the footprint horizon at locality 2. An area encircled with dotted lines indicates the covering area of Pl. 4b. Arrows indicate the inferred traveling directions of the footprint-making animals. 1. 地点 1 の凸部 1-01: 9a 9b 9c 3 cm 9a 9c 3 3 7 8 3 9b 180 + mm 210 mm 3 3 75 mm 1-04: 9d 9e 9f 6 cm 9d 5 cm 9e 9f 3 170 + mm 205 mm 3 60 mm 1 1-05: 9g 9h 9i 5 cm 9g 9h 9i 9 3 190 mm 225 mm 3 9h 9 3 1-06: 9j 9k 9l 5 cm 9j 4 5 9k 9l 3 4 5 3 180 mm 180 mm 1-18: 9m 9n 1 cm

11 図 9. 1 10 cm a. 1-01 b. 1-01 c. 1-01 d. 1-04 e. 1-04 f. 1-04 g. 1-05 h. 1-05 i. 1-05 j. 1-06 k. 1-06 l. 1-06 m. 1-18 n. 1-18 Fig. 9. Morphology of typical footprints in locality 1. Moire image photos are reversed for comparison with the plan view outcrop photos. Arrows indicate the inferred traveling directions of the footprint-making animals. Scale: 10 cm. a. Plan view photo of footprint 1-01, b. Plan view sketch of footprint 1-01, c. Moiré image photo of footprint 1-01, d. Plan view photo of footprint 1-04, e. Plan view sketch of footprint 1-04, f. Moiré image photo of footprint 1-04, g. Plan view photo of footprint 1-05, h. Plan view sketch of footprint 1-05, i. Moiré image photo of footprint 1-05, j. Plan view photo of footprint 1-06, k. Plan view sketch of footprint 1-06, l. Moiré image photo of footprint 1-06, m. Plan view photo of footprint 1-18, n. Plan view sketch of footprint 1-18.

12 9m 9n 2 3 180 + mm 160 mm 9n 2. 地点 1の足印断面密集部 1-A: 10 11 4a U 50 50 cm 120 cm U 図 10. 1-A 1 50 cm Fig. 10. Plan view photo of the concentrated area of footprint sections 1-A. Scale: 50 cm. 図 11. 1-A 1 4a Fig. 11. Plan view sketch of the concentrated area of footprint sections 1-A. Dotted lines indicate the covering area of Pl. 4a.

13 4a 130 cm 70 cm 10 11 11 1-A 1-13 1-14 1-16 1-A 1-15 4 1-A 7 U 36 143 mm 90 mm 3. 地点 2 の凸部 2-01: 12a 12b 12c 420 mm 370 mm 12a 70 mm 2 12b 2 180 mm 150 mm 2 12c 1 2-03: 12d 12e 280 mm 170 mm 12d 12e 220 mm 157 mm 3 3 1 3 12e 3 2-05: 12f 12g 12h 4b 330 mm 260 mm 90 mm 12f 12g 12h 4 5 12g 1 3 190 mm 135 mm 3 2-08: 12i 12j 12k 12i 200 mm 150 mm 70 mm 12k 12j 2 180 mm 130 mm 足跡化石の配列と進行方向 1 2 7 8 1. 地点 1 12 3 7 1 1-A 1-13 1-14 1-15 1-16 1-14 3 1-16 1-13 1-A 2 1 12 1-08 1-11 1-12

14 図 12. 2 10 cm a. 2-01 b. 2-01 c. 2-01 d. 2-03 e. 2-03 f. 2-05 g. 2-05 h. 2-05 i. 2-08 j. 2-08 k. 2-08 Fig. 12. Morphology of typical footprints in locality 2. Moire image photos are reversed for comparison with the plan view outcrop photos. Arrows indicate the inferred traveling directions of the footprint-making animals. Scale: 10 cm. a. Plan view photo of footprint 2-01, b. Plan view sketch of footprint 2-01, c. Moiré image photo of footprint 2-01, d. Plan view photo of footprint 2-03, e. Plan view sketch of footprint 2-03, f. Plan view photo of footprint 2-05, g. Plan view sketch of footprint 2-05, h. Moiré image photo of footprint 2-05, i. Plan view photo of footprint 2-08, j. Plan view sketch of footprint 2-08, k. Moiré image photo of footprint 2-08.

15 1-A 1-A 2 3 1 2 1-18 1 4 1 1 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis 2. 地点 2 2 11 3 8 2-03 2-05 2-08 印跡動物の推定 1 3 2 1. 地点 1 の印跡動物 1 3 3 3 1 18 13 1-A 1-06 1 170 180 + mm 180 210 mm 3 60 75 mm 1 13a 3 13b 4 3 13c d 1 4 2. 地点 2 の印跡動物 2 4 1 3 6 10 cm 2 2-03 180 220 mm 130 157 mm Elephas maximus 6 1 2000 棚倉堆積盆の中新統から産出した大型哺乳類足跡化石群の意義 2005 : 2007 2005; : 3

16 1. 足跡化石群から明らかとなった棚倉堆積盆の大型脊椎動物群 (1) 長鼻類 2 : 2005; 2 Kamei et al., 1977; Makiyama, 1938 1981; 1984; 2003 2005; 2002; Kamei and Kamiya, 1981 a b c d 図 13. a. Elephas maximus b. Dicerorhinus sumatrensis c. Tapirus indicus d. 5 cm : Fig. 13. Morphology of footprints of Proboscidea and Perissodactyla. a. Proboscidea (superimposed prints of fore and hind legs of Elephas maximus), b. Rhinocerotidae (hind leg print of Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), c. Tapiridae (hind leg print of Tapirus indicus), d. Tapiridae (fore leg print of T. indicus). Scale: 5 cm. Photographed by Y. Okamura.

17 2 (2) 奇蹄類 1 1994 2000 1996 1989 2009 2003 2000 2001 1996 2003 2005 (3) 偶蹄類 150 60 2007 12 100 150 m Dicrocerus tokunagai Shikama and Omori, 1952 (4) 鳥類 5 1 2007 10 cm 4 2. 足跡化石群が示す棚倉堆積盆の古環境 Arcid-Potamid 2001 Ogasawara et al., 2008 2008 Mid-Neogene climatic optimum 17.5 16.4Ma 2008 : 2007; : 2005; : 1 2007 Shikama and Omori 1952

18 3. 棚倉堆積盆の足跡化石の産状三態 3 14 Lockley 1991; 2007 (1) タイプ A: 真足印 true-footprint 14 15a (2) タイプ B: 足印雌型 natural cast : 14 15b (3) タイプ C: 偽足印 ( 足印充填凹部 ) pseudofootprint(track infilling) cm : 2007 : 14 15c 図 14.: A B CLockley 1991 Fig. 14. Elements of footprint fossils: true-footprint (Type A), natural cast (Type B), pseudo-footprint (track-infilling) (Type C) and under-footprint. Modified after Lockley (1991). Under-footprint cannot be confirmed in this study. C under-footprint a b c 図 15.a. A: 2007 b. B: : c. C: 2007 5 cm Fig. 15. The morphological division of footprint fossils from the Miocene Tanakura Basin. a. Type A: true-footprint of Aves (Korofuji: Koike et al., 2007), b. Type B: natural cast of Rhinocerotidae (Takikura: this study), c. pseudo-footprint of Cetartiodactyla (Korofuji: Koike et al., 2007). Scale: 5 cm.

19 A B C 2009 B C B まとめ 1 2 2 3 1 18 1 2 11 1 5 1 2 4 4 1 5 3 3 5 2 1 6 1 1 1 2 7 謝 辞 引用文献 2008 3.4.3 3 pp. 206-214 2004 K-Ar 111 : O-81 1996 50 1 : 66-69 1984 Stegolophodon pseudolatidens Yabe 31: 51-63 1981 14: 16-17 Kamei, T. and H. Kamiya. 1981. On the fossil teeth of Stegolophodon pseudolatidens (Yabe) from the Miocene Bed of the Abukuma mountains. Mem. Fac. Sci. Kyoto Univ., Ser. Geol.,

20 Min., 47(2): 165-176. Kamei, T., Y. Okazaki, I. Nonogaki and Paleontology Club (Aichi Gakuin University). 1977. On some new materials of Gomphotherium annectens (Matsumoto) from the Mizunami Group, Central Japan. Bull. Mizunami Fossil Mus., (4): 1-8. 1996 103 : 164 2000 106: 1-14 2000 107 : 136 2005 154 : 76 1994 10 : 39-44 2003 Stegolophodon 57: 49-59 2005 Stegolophodon 154: 25 2002 Stegolophodon 5 : 105-108 2007. 10 : 21-44 Makiyama, J. 1938. Japonic Proboscidea. Mem. Coll. Sci. Kyoto Imp. Univ., B, 14: 1-59. 2009 46 38 pp Lockley, M. 1991. Tracking Dinosaurs: A New Look at an Ancient World. 238 pp., Cambridge Univ. Press, UK. 2008 84 : 37-46 Ogasawara, K., M. Tanano, H. Nagato and T. Nakano. 2008. Cenozoic molluscan faunas and climatic changes in the northern Pacific related to Pacific gateways: review and perspective. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, 59: 355-364. 2000 270 pp. 2009 41: 82-88 1975 76: 1-71 Shikama, T. and Omori, M. 1952. Note on and occurrence of Dicrocerus in the Daigo Group of the Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Proc. Japan Acad. 28: 567-572. 2009 57: 207-211 2001 Arcid-Potamid 53: 168-177 2008 3 pp. 196-206 2003 pp. 35-38 2003 50 : 9-25 2005 1 52 : 43-65 2006 53 : 35-40 2007a 54 : 33-40 2007b 54 : 41-44 2009 41: 89-96 2001 108 : 279 1989 43: 43-48

21 ( 要旨 ) 安藤寿男 小池渉 国府田良樹 岡村喜明. 茨城県大子町滝倉の中新統浅川層から発見された大型哺乳類足跡化石群とその産状. 茨城県自然博物館研究報告第 13 号 (2010)pp. 1-21, pls.1-4. 2 1 18 2 11 1 1 1 5 2 4 1 5 3 2 1 1 ( キーワード ):

22

23 4 Plates and Explanations (4 plates)

24 1 Plate 1 a. 1 a. The mode of occurrence of the natural casts of footprints exposed on the lower bedding surface of unit IV, locality 1. b. 2 b. The mode of occurrence of t the natural casts of footprints exposed on the lower bedding surface of unit II, locality 2.

25 a b

26 Excavation procedures of footprint fossils. 2 Plate 2 a. 1 30 40 cm a. Outcrop photograph at the start of excavation at locality 1. Footprints are exposed on the ceiling surface of a narrow cave with a height of 30-40 cm. b. 1 b. Breaking sandstone beds away at the bottom of the narrow cave at locality 1. In order to secure our workspace, the cave was partly excavated. c. 1 c. Observation of natural casts of footprints exposed on the lower bedding surface at locality 1. d. 1 d. Tracing shapes and distributions of natural casts of footprints on a transparent plastic sheet at locality 1. e. 1 e. Silicone resin molding of natural casts of footprints at locality 1. f. 2 f. Silicone resin molds taken at locality 2. Moiré images were subsequently photographed from these molds.

27 a b c d e f

28 3 Plate 3 1 Plan view photos of footprints at locality 1. Arrows indicate the traveling directions of the footprintmaking animals. a. 1-02 a. Plan view photo of footprint 1-02. b. 1-07 b. Plan view photo of footprint 1-07. c. 1-08 c. Plan view photo of footprint 1-08. d. 1-11 d. Plan view photo of footprint 1-11. e. 1-12 e. Plan view photo of footprint 1-12. f. 1-13 1-14 f. Plan view photo of footprint 1-13 and 1-14. g. 1-16 g. Plan view photo of footprint 1-16. h. 1-17 h. Plan view photo of footprint 1-17.

29 a b c d e f g h

30 4 Plate 4 1 2 Plan view photos of footprints at localities 1 and 2. Arrows indicate the traveling directions of the footprint-making animals. a. 1-A 1 11 a. Plan view photo of a part of the concentrated area of footprint sections 1-A, locality 1. The photographed area is shown in Fig. 11. b. 2-03, 2-04, 2-05, 2-06 2 8 b. Plan view photo of the crowded footprints (2-03, 2-04, 2-05 and 2-06) at locality 2. The photographed area is shown in Fig. 8.

31 a b

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