!!!!!!!!!!!! TEM! SEM, AFM!
参考文献 最先端材料システム One Point! イメージング (共立出版) 実験がうまくいく 蛍光 発光試薬の 選び方と使い方! (羊土社) 非侵襲 可視化 技術ハンドブック (NTS) 講義と実習 生細胞蛍光 イメージング (共立出版) よくわかる生物電子 顕微鏡技術 (共立出版)
(in vivo) - /! - MRI! - X! in vivo: ( ) in vitro: ex vivo: - PET/SPECT! -
!
600 nm 900 nm optical window; 1983 11 698-714.
生体内を直接観る 内視鏡の活用 内視鏡に共焦点方式を組み込むことで 高解像度 0.5 5 µm で ある程度の 高速スキャン 2 fps以上 での蛍光画像取得が可能 スコープ部 自家蛍光による結腸直腸がんのイメージング 正常組織 光ファ イバー がん組織 スコープ先端 W. Piyawattanametha, et al., Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 74, 53-74 (2014) 共焦点内視鏡 丹羽 後藤 日本レーザー医学誌 2009 46-53)
( ) ( c ) 10,000!! (O2 CO2 )! 50% DNA 95%
I NADH + NAD + II! H + FADH2 Q I III IV FAD O2 III IV Cyt c! I III IV II III IV! NADH O2 ( Quiz ) 1 2 NAD + + H + + 2e NADH! O2 + 2H + + 2e H2O!!! ΔE = (0.815) ( 0.315) = +1.13 (V)! ΔG = 2 96485 1.13 = 218 kj/mol 4 H + 4 H + 2 H + FMN FeS e FeS 2e 2e NADH I III 1 O2 + 2H + Q e e e 2 H2O IV
( )! FMN ( ) [H ] FAD FMNH ( ) [H ] FMNH2 ( )
MRI 1 H NMR (25-300 µm)! MRI! (1-3 T) MRI! 7T MRI! T2!! T1 T2
MRI T1 T2 http://www.mb.ccnw.ne.jp/sfujii/satuei/satuei.html
20 µm (T1 ) 16.4-T MRI + 1! 2! T2* : Bruker Biospin
Method 5 mm 5 mm!! Colon-26 (2.5 10 5 cells/100 μl) Balb-c nude Subcutaneous transplantation
50 µm, Results 3D MR ( ) -! -! -! Colon-26!!
perfusion MRI Innervision, 27, 46 (2012). MRI! S/N! ASL (Arterial spin labeling) 3T! ASL, 32, 676 (2010).! ( )
CEST (Chemical exchange saturation transfer)! MRI NMR CEST (z- ) Innervision, 27, 29-32 (2012).
A schematic representation of a gene therapy bundle of nucleic acids and cationic polymers. The RNA strand poly(ru) (left) has two sites that give rise to CEST. The amide protons in cationic polymers, such as PLL (right), can also give rise to a CEST effect. RNA PLL -L- Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2008 ; 10: 391 411.
CEST APT Amide proton transfer / T2 / T2 ;! APT /! T1 T1 APT! / Innervision, 27, 29-32 (2012). APT!
X CT (Computed Tomography) X X (50-200 µm)! X CT Siemens! SOMATOM Definition Edge 300 µm 3D X CT R_mCT2 10 µm
X CT (Computed Tomography) / X HP X CT! < 1 µm nano3dx
(p.91) CT
PET/SPECT ( ) PET: Positron Emission Tomography! SPECT: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography ( ) PET: γ (180 ) SPECT: γ PET: ( 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, 18 F; / 2 110 ) SPECT: (6 5 ) 123 I, 99m Tc, 111 In ( mm) PET: SPECT: SPECT ( 1700 ) PET 500
PET/SPECT 18 F-FDG PET! FDG
! (p.154)
z z = c ρ K: ( p.27)
: 2D/3D! /! ( ) Innervision, 26, 10 (2011)., 186, 353 (1998).
OCT ( ) OCT HP! OCT OCT
(mol/l) PET 1 ~ 2 mm no limit 10 10 ~ +++ yes yes $$$$ SPECT 1 ~ 2 mm no limit 10 ++ yes yes $$ 2 ~ 3 mm! < 1 µm < 1 cm 10 ~ + ~ ++ limited no $ ~ $$ 1! 3 ~ 5 mm 1~2 cm 10 MRI! ( ) X CT 2! 25 ~ 100 µm 50 ~ 200 µm 50 ~ 500 µm ~ + ~ ++ limited no $$ no limit 10 ~ ++ yes no $$$$ no limit mm ~ cm not well characterized not well characterized not applicable yes yes $$ ~ + yes no $$ (Modified from Massoud TF and Gambhir SS, Genes Dev, 2003) modality!!
-! - DDS
(modality ) Modality! TEM / /!! / GFP /!! MRI! PET SPECT X CT! Gd-DTPA 123! ( )!! ( )
! A4 2-3!!!! kishimura@mail.cstm.kyushu-u.ac.jp! 504