26 4K VOD A research on VOD services transfer control corresponding to the 4K videos. 1165071 2014 2 28
4K VOD VOD(Video On Demand) VOD SD(Standard Definition) HD(High Definition) 4K ITU VOD 4K 1 3840 2160 HD 4 VOD 4K CDN(Contents Delivery Network) CDN VOD 1Gbps H.265/HEVC 4 4K 6251 6266Kbps 102.91sec 4K IP i
VOD 4K CDN H.256/HEVC ii
Abstract A research on VOD services transfer control corresponding to the 4K videos. Hiroaki Yamashita Currently, with the development of transmission technology, the opportunity to view video on the Internet is increasing. As a movie viewing service, VOD(Video On Demand) service is penetrated. However, the video content of the VOD service is a mainstream HD(High Definition) image quality and SD(Standard Definition) quality. Recently, video distribution industry. tries supply 4K high definition services band on International Telecommunications Union ITU standard, The difficuly to be covered for the introduction of 4K ultra-high-definition video would be the huge pixels of four times size compared to the HD image. The 4K frame has a pixel of 3840 2160. Therefore, a high transmission rate is also required. In this paper, in order to incorporate 4K ultra-high-definition Video in VOD services, the proposal system adopted the cache server for the CDN sub system. By using the cache server, a control mechanism for implementing the video viewing was proposed. Based on the quality metrics of the CDN cache server, video content has been distributed to a storage system. Convert-server could extend the contents even for the existing video resources. For transmitting the overall contents of VOD service, 1Gbps transmission bandwidth was assumed between end users and the content distribution server. The encoding of H.265/HEVC was assumed to simulate the high definition 4K contents delivery. The video transmission needed 6,251 6,266Kbps for the four levels iii
of QoS metrics. The result showed that 102.91 sec was needed at least to convert the implementation environment. Finally, it is clarified that a reasonable server architecture proposed would realize the 4K Super High Definition Video VOD service. key words VOD, 4K Super High Definition Video, CDN, H.265/HEVC iv
1 1 1.1................................... 1 1.2................................... 2 1.3................................... 3 2 VOD 4 2.1 VOD(Video On Demand).................... 4 2.2 VOD................... 4 2.2.1 TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)................ 5 2.2.2 UDP(User Datagram Protocol)................... 5 2.3..................... 5 2.3.1 RTP(Real time Transport Protocol)................ 5 2.3.2 RTSP(Real Time Streaming Protocol)............... 6 2.4...................... 7 2.4.1............................. 7 2.4.2............................ 8 2.5................................. 8 2.5.1........................... 8 2.5.2................... 9 2.5.3................... 10 2.6........................ 10 2.6.1......................... 11 2.6.2........................ 12 2.7................................... 14 v
2.7.1 CDN(Contents Delivery Network)................. 14 2.7.2 H.265/HEVC(High Efficiency Video Coding). 14 2.7.3 MPEG2-TS(Transport Stream)................... 16 2.7.4................. 17 3 4K VOD 19 3.1 4K............... 19 3.1.1 1000BASE-T................ 20 3.2 4K............................... 21 3.3................................... 22 3.3.1......................... 22 3.3.2........................ 22 3.4.................... 24 3.5................................. 24 4 26 4.1.............................. 26 4.2................................. 26 4.2.1 CDN............... 27 4.2.2...................... 29 4.2.3....................... 29 4.2.4 SLA............................ 29 IPTV SLA QoS.............. 30 4.2.5........................... 30..................... 31 4.2.6 CDN........................ 31 4.2.7............................. 31 vi
4.3.......................... 32 5 33 5.1............................ 33 5.2....................... 33 5.3............................ 33 5.3.1 DivXMKVMux.................. 34 CDN............... 34 5.4...................................... 36 6 38 39 40 vii
1.1 VOD............................. 3 2.1 RTSP.............................. 6 2.2............................. 7 2.3............................ 8 2.4............................ 11 2.5... 12 2.6............... 13 2.7 H.265/HEVC.................... 15 2.8....................... 16 2.9 MPEG2-TS.............................. 17 3.1............................ 20 3.2 4K........................... 21 3.3....................... 24 4.1............................. 27 4.2 Cache Level......................... 28 4.3........................ 32 5.1.................................... 35 viii
3.1....................... 23 4.1......................... 29 4.2.......................... 31 5.1 PC.................................... 34 5.2................................ 35 5.3.......................... 36 ix
1 1.1 Internet Intranet 4K 2 pixel 3840 2160 829 4400 2 pixel 4096 2160 500Mbps [7] CEA Consumer Electronics Show 2014 4K SD(Standard Definition) HD(High Definition) VOD [5] 1.1 2012 896 2013 1,000 2014 1,109 1
1.2 LAN PC Internet NTT OCN 30,000 Internet 100Kbps Mbps 4K FTTH NIC(Network Interface Card) 600Mbps VOD 600Mbps Quolity of Service 1.2 Internet High Definition Full High Definition 4K 2
1.3 1.1 VOD 1.3 VOD 4K CDN(Contents Delivery Network) 6 2 VOD CDN 3 4K 4 5 6 4K VOD 3
2 VOD VOD VOD 4 TCP/IP 2 2 CDN 2.1 VOD(Video On Demand) VOD DVD Blue-ray Disk VOD Hulu U-NEXT 10,000 87,740 VOD 2.2 VOD VOD TCP/IP 2 2 4
2.3 2.2.1 TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) TCP TCP TCP 2.2.2 UDP(User Datagram Protocol) UDP TCP 1 / VOD UDP 2.3 IP RTP RTSP 2.3.1 RTP(Real time Transport Protocol) RTP VOD IP UDP(User Datagram Protocol) IP SIP(Session 5
2.3 Initiation Protocol) RTP/UDP VOD HTTP RTP 2.3.2 RTSP(Real Time Streaming Protocol) RTSP VOD RTSP 2.1 2.1 RTSP BML 6
2.4 RTSP RTSP RTP RTSP 2.4 VOD 2 2.4.1 1 1 2.2 TCP UDP 10 100Kbps 1,000Kbps 1 100Kbps 100Kbps 2.2 7
2.5 2.4.2 1 2.3 1 2.3 2.5 3 2.5.1 Web 8
2.5 1 2.5.2 PC FTP HTTP HTTP FTP 100KBps 200KBps 10 20 100KBps 200KBps 9
2.6 2.5.3 2.6 2.4 CDN(Content Delivery Network) IPv6 Zipf 1 8 1 8 2 10
2.6 2.4 Zipf 2.6.1 PC WS 2.5 11
2.6 HBA(Host bus adapter) NIC(Network interface card) 3 CPU 2.5 2.6.2 VOD 12
2.6 2.6 2.6 13
2.7 VOD 2.7 2.7.1 CDN(Contents Delivery Network) CDN(Contents Delivery Network) HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language) CDN VOD CDN 2.7.2 H.265/HEVC(High Efficiency Video Coding) H.265/HEVC [4] H.264/MPEG-4 AVC(Advanced Video Coding) ITU-T 2013 1 25 10 14
2.7 H.264/MPG-4 AVG 2 H.265/HEVC [6] 2.7 2.7 H.265/HEVC H.265/HEVC H.264/AVC 2 CABAC(Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding) 2.8 64 64 32 32 8 4 4 8 4 4 15
2.7 既存技術 図 2.8 木構造の予測ブロック分割の変換 動き検出予測の際に発生するエッジ周辺のフィルタを追加することで信号波形による歪 み (限定された帯域を持つ電子回路において入力信号が突如変更された際に生じる) を 抑制する このフィルタは歪み発生をの有無や方向を検知し フィルタの適用を動的に 適用する 2.7.3 MPEG2-TS(Transport Stream) MPEG2-TS は画像 音声 データ放送の負荷情報 及びそれらを連携させる制御情報 をそれぞれ個別のパケットとして構成する方式である データ転送の際は多重化を前提と する 制御情報及び画像 音声等各パケットに時刻同期情報を含むため 受信したクライ アント端末で同時間軸に基づいてコンテンツの再構築を行い 再生することが可能である MPEG2-TS の構造を図 2.9 に示す MPEG2-TS には ProgramNumber でグループ化された TS パケット群が含まれる IP 放送の場合 チャネル番号を ProgramNumber と対応させることで複数のチャネルの配信 を１つの TS 配信内で多重化した後に送信する クライアント側で多重化されたチャネルを 個別に識別し再構築を行う ProgramNumber には映像や音声 制御情報を表現する TS が 含まれ PID と呼ばれるパケット識別子 ID で判別する 以下に TS の種類について記述 する 16
2.7 2.9 MPEG2-TS PSI(Program Specific Information) ProgramNumber TS PMT(Program Map Table) ProgramNumber TS PID CAT(Conditional Access Table) SI EIT(Event Information Table) NIT(Network Information Table) 2.7.4 ISP(Internet Service Provider) IP [3] 17
2.7 VOD VOD VOD 18
3 4K VOD VOD 4K 4K Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T 1Gbps 1 4K CDN 2 SD,HD 4K 3.1 4K 4K 1000BASE-T Ethernet 1Gbps 548Mbps 1000BASE-T 4K 19
3.1 4K 548Mbps 3.1.1 1000BASE-T 3.1 MAC FCS 64 1518byte 46 1500byte IFG Inter Frame Gap 12byte 1byte MAC 6byte MAC 6byte /type 2byte 46 1500 FCS 4byte 64 1518byte IFG SFD 46 1500byte 4K 46 76.2 54.8 1000BASE-T 548Mbps 3.1 20
3.2 4K 3.2 4K 4K HDTV 4 4K 3.2 HD 2 2160 1 8.2Mpixel 829 4400 16:9 3D 3840 2160 4096 2160 2013 International CES ITU( ) DCI(Digital Cinema Initiatives) VOD Netflix 4K 4K 3.2 4K 21
3.3 3.3 VOD 2 4K VOD 3.3.1 3 (H.264/AVC H.265/HEVC ) 4K VOD H.265/HEVC 4K Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T 3.1.1 548Mbps 3.3.2 SD(Standard Definition) FHD(Full High Definition) 22
3.3 3.1 H.264/AVC H.265/HEVC 3.3.1 SD,HD,4K 29.97, frame/sec Mbps,Gbps 4K 3.3 VOD 23
3.4 3.3 3.4 4K 4K PC WS 4K VOD 1 CDN 2 SD HD 4K 3.5 VOD 4K 4K VOD SD HD 4K 24
3.5 VOD 4K 4K 25
4 VOD 4.1 SD HD Blu-ray Disc DVD 4.2 [1] SLA CDN 6 4.1 SLA VOD CDN CDN 26
4.2 4.1 4.2.1 CDN CDN 4 1 2 3 4 27
4.2 1 4 CDN Cache Level 2 3 2 CDN Cache Level 1 3 CDN Cache Level 4 Cache Level 4.2 Cache Level 4 Cache Level 1 4K 4.2 Cache Level 28
4.2 4.2.2 CDN 2.3.1 CDN IP [2] 4.1 CDN IP 111.101.xx.xx 111.101.xx.yy 111.101.xx.zz abc.avi def.avi ghi.avi 4.2.3 SD HD 4K VOD SLA 4.2.4 SLA SLA VOD SLA QoE(Quolity of Experience) IPTV VOD 29
4.2 SLA QoS QoS IPTV SLA QoS IPTV IPTV QoS 2 1 1 QoS 100 10 6 1 IPTV 10 6 4.2.5 BML(Broadcast Markup Language) ECG(Electric Content Guide) 30
4.2 XML 4.2 VOD 4.2.6 CDN 2.3.2 CDN IPv6 n/100 n Zipf Zipf 4.2.7 VOD 31
4.3 4.3 4.3 SLA BML(Broadcast Markup Language) BML HTTP SLA SLA SLA CDN 4.3 32
5 CDN 4K 5.1 CDN 4K SD HD CDN 5.2 5.1 5.3 5.1 4K DivXMKVMux SLA 33
5.3 OS BIOS 5.1 PC Windows7 Enterprise SP1 Ver.08.00.10 RAM Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-2600k CPU @ 3.40GHz 8192MB DirectX DirectX 11 NVIDIA GeForce GTX 560 4095MB 37GB Intel(R) 82579V Gigabit Network Connection CDN n=4 n=4 4K 4.2.1 4 Cache Level 4 CDN Cache Level 4 5.3.1 DivXMKVMux 5.2 4K CDN n=25 50 75, 100 5.3 H.265/HEVC AAC(Advanced Video Codec) 2(Front: L R) 34
5.3 5.1 5.2 Filesize Duration 2.02GB 31s 50ms Overallbitrate Width/Height 546.61Mbps 3840/2160 pixels Display Aspect 16:9 44.1KHz DivXMKVMux 4K 85.59 100 14.41 n=25,50,75 23.65KB n=100 23.75KB n=25 1 n=50 1.962,n=75 6.935,n=100 12.57 35
5.4 5.3 n=25 n=50 n=75 n=100 Filesize 23.1MiB 23.1MiB 23.1MiB 23.2MiB Duration 31s 50ms 31s 50ms 31s 50ms 31s 50ms Overallbitrate 6 251Kbps 6 253Kbps 6 254Kbps 6266Kbps Time 102.91 201.912 713.78 1293.65 Time ratio 1 1.962 6.935 12.57 Width/Height(pixels) 3840/2160 3840/2160 3840/2160 3840/2160 Display Aspect 16:9 16:9 16:9 16:9 5.4 CDN n=25,50,75,100 4K 500 600Mbps H.265/HEVC CDN Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T 1Gbps 1 50 FTTH 548Mbps H.265/HEVC 6251 6266Kbps CDN 4 Zip CDN Cache Level 36
5.4 n=25 102.91 VOD 37
6 Internet High Definition Full High Definition 4K CDN SLA Zipf VOD 4K Gigabit Ethernet 1000BASE-T 1Gbps 548Mbps 4K H.265/HEVC 4 6251 6266Kbps 102.91sec 4K IP 38
3 1 4 3 39
[1] 4K VOD 25 p.187 2013 [2] VOD 23 [3] Cisco Systems, Inc, Cisco 7600 http://www.cisco.com/web/jp/product/hs/routers/c7600/wp_list. html 2014.01.29 [4] Adobe Systems, Inc, http://www.adobe.com/jp/ motion/pdfs/compression_primer.pdf 2014.01.29 [5] http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000143546.pdf 2014.02.05 [6] NTT HEVC http://163.137.191.238/journal/1312/files/jn201312054.pdf 2014.02.05 [7] pp.276-284 2013.04 40