16 453
1 1.1 WISH WISH [140] 250ms WISH WISH 1995 WISH ( ) ( ) 1.2 WISH WISH VSAT 9 12 ( 1.1) VSAT ODU IDU ( 1.2 455
456 1995 WIDE WNOC-SPK JAIST WNOC-NARA (AIST-NARA) WNOC-FUK (KYUSHU-U) WNOC-KYOTO U-TOKYO JSAT-TOKYO JSAT-EDC WNOC-SFC JCSAT-1 1.1: WISH
16 457 2Mbps IDU [141] IDU RS-449/422 DTE RS-232C IDU ODU ANTENNA 1.2: VSAT VSAT TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
2 [142][143] 2.1 2.1.1 1 1 ALOHANET[144] 458
16 459 2.1.2 2.2 1 A B C D A B C D A B C D 2.1: 1 2.1
460 1995 WIDE 2.3 VSAT IDU [145] IDU IDU IDU 2.4 2.4.1 ( 2.2)
16 461 SAT SAT: S: R: (vif) (sif) S (vif) sif: pif: vif: (sif) R1 (pif) (vif) (vif) (le) (vif) (vif) (sif) R2 (pif) 2.2: n n 2 (n-1)/2 n 2.4.2 SAT SAT: S: R: sif: pif: vif: (sif) R1 (vif) (sif) S (vif) VGW (vif) (pif) (sif) R2 2.3: ( 2.3)
462 1995 WIDE VGW n 2.4.3 ( 2.4) SAT SAT: S: R: sif: pif: vif: (sif) R1 (vif) (sif) S (vif) VGW1 (vif) (pif) (vif) (sif) VGW2 R2 (vif) (pif) (vif) (vif) VGW3 (pif) (sif) R3 (vif) 2.4: 2.4.4 3 2.1
16 463 2.1: 2.5 2.5.1 64 ICMP (TC) ICMP RTT 2.5 (S) (S') 2.5 2 59 1 (10 ) IDU IDU IDU TC-S TC-R1 (RTT: Round Trip Time) IDU RTT 2.2 2.2 TC{S TC{R1 RTT TCP 3 UDP
464 1995 WIDE % ping 133.4.120.1 PING 133.4.120.1 (133.4.120.1): icmp_seq=10 time=4.142 ms icmp_seq=11 time=4.307 ms <- icmp_seq=12 time=339.609 ms icmp_seq=13 time=421.229 ms... icmp_seq=57 time=4.793 ms icmp_seq=58 time=3.877 ms <- icmp_seq=60 time=292.877 ms ^C --- 133.4.120.1 ping statistics --- 60 packets transmitted, 54 packets received, 9% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 3.748/117.971/421.229 ms 2.5: 2.2: IDU TC{S TC-R1 419 ms 3ms 110 ms 1450 ms
16 465 2.5.2 2.6 R S 2 133.4.68.0 1 133.4.68.32 33 34 34 13 3 2 133.4.34.0 H1 H2 2.6: 64Kbps S R 2.6 H1 H2 ( ) 2.7 2.8 $ netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Interface 133.4.34/27 link#1 UC we0 133.4.68/27 133.4.34.3 UG we0 133.4.68.32/27 133.4.34.3 UG we0 2.7: H1 H1 133.4.68.32 133.4.68.32 H2
466 1995 WIDE $ netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Interface 133.4.34/27 133.4.68.34 UG ne0 133.4.68/27 133.4.68.33 UG ne0 133.4.68.32/27 link#5 UC ne0 2.8: H2 133.4.34.0 S R H1 H2 2.9 2.10 H1 $ netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Interface 133.4.34/27 link#1 UC we0 133.4.68/27 133.4.34.3 UG we0 133.4.68.32/27 133.4.34.13 UG we0 2.9: H1 133.4.68.32 H2 133.4.34.0
16 467 $ netstat -rn Routing tables Internet: Destination Gateway Flags Interface 133.4.34/27 133.4.68.34 UG ne0 133.4.68/27 133.4.68.33 UG ne0 133.4.68.32/27 link#5 UC ne0 2.10: H2 2.6 1
3 TCP WISH TCP [146][147] Van Jacobson RFC1323[148] TCP RFC1323 TCP TCP 2 30 0 1 RFC1323 [149] 3.1 3.1 1 2 Ethernet Ethernet 10Mbps 50nsec 3 4 2Mbps 500msec 20Kbyte 10Mbps 50nsec delay 2Mbps 500msec delay 10Mbps 50nsec delay Node1 Router3 Router4 Node2 3.1: 468
16 469 3.2 = (3:1) 2Mbps=8 2 500msec =125Kbyte 1 2 60Mbyte 3.2 TCP (65535byte) 65535 3.3 50% 65535 50% 3.4 (125Kbyte) 125Kbyte 3.5 100% 3.6 2 (250Kbyte) 3.7 3.3 TCP
470 1995 WIDE 200 Window (Kbyte) 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.2: 65535byte 100 Utilization (%) 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.3: 65535byte TCP setsockopt() setsockopt 1. 2. 1 2 2
16 471 200 Window (Kbyte) 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.4: 125Kbyte 100 Utilization (%) 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.5: 125Kbyte setsockopt() 3.4 TCP
472 1995 WIDE 200 Window (Kbyte) 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.6: 250Kbyte 100 Utilization (%) 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.7: 250Kbyte 3.4.1 TCP TCP
16 473 CPU 3.4.2 REAL 3.1 60M 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.8 3.9 3.10 100% 3.11 3.9 100% 3.12
474 1995 WIDE 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 RTT (sec) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.8: 100 Window (Kbyte) 50 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.9: 3.4.3
16 475 50 40 Window (Kbyte) 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.10: 300 200 Throuput (Kbps) 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.11: 3.4.4
476 1995 WIDE 600 500 400 throupt / RTT 300 200 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.12: = + = 2 ( < 1) 3.5 REAL CPU REAL[150] REAL TCP Tahoe jk tahoe.c TCP Reno jk reno.c C TCP Reno jk reno.c 3.13 X 1 X Last X Down Flag 1 0.875
16 477 START? No Yes = / X = / X > Last_X Down_Flag = 1? No Yes = + Down_Flag = 0 = 0.875 Down_Flag = 1 Last_X = X END 3.13: 0.875 3 3.6 3.6.1 REAL 3.1 60Mbyte 3.1 Ethernet 10Mbps 50nsec 3 4 2Mbps 500msec 40960byte
478 1995 WIDE 3.14 3.2 TCP 3.15 3.3 TCP 200 Window (Kbyte) 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.14: 100 Utilization (%) 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 time (sec) 3.15: TCP 76% 85% 3.6.2 4 3.1
16 479 3.16 4 50 3.17 100% 200 Window (Kbyte) 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 time (sec) 3.16: 50 100 Utilization (%) 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 time (sec) 3.17: 50 3.7 RFC1323 TCP
480 1995 WIDE Vegas
4 4.1 Ethernet 4.2 11 30 Tour * 95 D&L with [151] (SFC) ( ) 4 nv vat MBone Stream Works Stream Works Xing Technology (1 1 ) (1 ) 4 481
482 1995 WIDE 4.3 SFC 2Mbps 3 ( 4.1) (1.2 ) SFC MBone SFC MBone Stream Works MBone (Reverse Path) SFC MBone SFC 4.4 MBone 100 1 Stream Works Stream Works WISH
16 483 NV, VAT Stream Works SFC SFC Stream Works Stream Works MBone 4.1:
484 1995 WIDE