1 1 1 (???) (O Grady et al. 2005:565-566 ) (Lloid 1966 ) 1 Hockett (1963:7-11) Hockett ( (design features) ) 16 16 Aitchison(1999:14-17) ( ) Yule(2006: 8-12) Aitchison Yule Aitchison Yule Aitchison Yule Hockett 16 (semanticity) ( :95-97) [ki] (Ishibashi et al eds: 514 Meaning )
2 2 ( ) ( ) PET( ) 2 ( 2006: 30) ( 2005: 86) (2008: 79) 3 4 2001 (2003 ) (pp.15-38) (pp. 41-126) (pp.343-353) 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5
3 -ler i e ö ü -lar ï a o u e -ler a -lar / / /i//e/ /ö//ü/ /ï//a/ /o//u/ my( ) -im -ïm -üm -um ( ) ( ) el hand kus bird elim my hand kusum my bird ellerim my hands kuslarïm my birds göz eye zil bell gözüm my eye zilim my bell gözlerim my eyes zillerim my bells gül rose kol arm gülüm my rose kolum my arm güllerim my roses kollarïm my arms kïz girl bas head kïzïm my girl basïm my head kïzlarïm my girls baslarïm my heads 6 ( ) 6 7 s 9 n 2 10 t z d 3 th d t 1 ( (proto-language)) (reconstruct)
4 7 *siepten ( * ) *siepten ( ) / [t -n ] p b [i p ] b v [-e p t ] *siepten siepen ----- sieben *siepten siepen ----- sieben seben ----- seven *siepten ----- >siepte ----- siet e *siepten ----- >siepte septe ----- sept ----- *siepten ----- >siepte septe ----- sette *siepten t> ----------- n> siepen p>b sieben siepte i> -------------------------------------- p> --- i> seben septe b>v e> -- p>t sieben seven siete sept sette t > t t n t siepen n siepte p b ( 6.4 ) sieben siepte t i p i seben b v seven p siete i septe e sept p t sette septe p t t ( 6.4 )
5 (family tree) 7 *siepten 7 7 ( ) : = : X X = (analogy)
6 2 1 [b] [ts] [k] [ŋ] [z] [t ] 2 [e] [a] [o] [ɯ] 3 ( ) 4 = 1 5 ( ) 6 ( ) 7 [i] [ɯ]( ) ( ) (16) [desɯ] [ɯ] [i][ɯ] ( ) ( ) [ʃi] [i] ( ) [sɯ] ([ɯ] ) ( ) [sɯ] [ɯ] 8
7 3 1 2 3 ( ) toru ( ) koru( ) soru( ) horu( ) /t/ /k/ /s/ /h/ kaku( ) maku( ) /k/ /m/ pen( ) ken( ) nen( ) zen( ) /p/ /k/ /n/ /z/ bento: ( ) kento: ( ) /b/ /k/ denki( ) tenki( ) genki( ) /d/ /t/ /g/ daku ( ) jaku ( ) raku( ) waku ( ) /d/ /j/ /r/ /w/ aru ( ) iru( ) eru( ) oru( ) /a/ /i/ /e/ /o/ ami( ) umi( ) /a/ /u ami( ) umi( ) ( ) imi( ) emi( ) omi( ) ( ) denki( : ) denki( : ) toru moru /t/ /m/ 4 beru( ) be:ru( ) toru( ) to:ru( ) toku( ) to:ku( ) 5 [ts] /t/ ( [ɯ] ) [t ] /t/ ( [i] ) 6 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
8 [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 7 /ki/ /i/ /yupuzukiyo/ /u/ /u/ /a/ [ ] [b] /n/( ) /g/ ( ) /ŋ/( ) /kw/ /w/ 8 (1989:145-148) 4 1 [ɔdi]( ) [pori]( ) [ka i]( ) [pam]( ) [kamsa]( ) 2 3 4
9 ( ) /to osi/ /towosi/ 5 A B ashinaga ojisan asinaga ozisan shichifukujin sitihukuzin fushigina shoonen husigina syoonen : sho: syo: shou syou 6 (2003: 98) 7 5 1 A B B A B A
10 (1) (2) * * ( ) (3) * (1) (2) (3) (1) 2 A B B B ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
11 ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 B C A A B B A A B 3 3 4 ( = ) (kinship terms) ( = = ) 5
12 6 6 1 (5) A
13 2 (e) (b) (a) (f)? (c) (d) (d) (b) (c) (d) 3 PTA: 1990 ( ( ) ) FMG: Father Money Get 2002 ( ) VSOP: very special one pattern 1970 ( ( ) ) = 2003 ( ) 4 A B B B A B B A B A 5 ( ) ( ) ( )
14 7 1 [ ] ( ) ( ) (S2) (S1) 2 3 4 / / / / / / / (8) 5 6 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7 1 S2
15 8 S1 1 u ru u ru 2 3 4 * 5 ( ) * 6 [aka] [ao] [kiiro] [a] [o] [midori] [murasaki] [i] [i] ([i]) [midori:] [murasaki:] [i] [daidai] [beni] [i] 7 1986
16 8 9 Thank you ( ) ( ) 10 11 (1) :? ( ): (2) : ( ): (1)?
17 (2) (1) (2) (1973:27-28) ( ) ( ) (1) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2) 12 ( ) ( ) 13
18 9 1 B A B A B 2 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) { } { } ( )
19 ( ) / { } 10 1 2 = = = = 3 = ( ) = ( )
20 28 = 28 ( ) ( 1998:57 ) ( ) 4 11 1 (1 4) (5 12) (13 16) 16 A A B 3 A B C 1 A B A 2 A B B 3 A A B 4 A B A 5 A B B 6 A A B 7 A A B 8 A B B
21 9 A B C 10 A B B 11 A B C 12 A B B 13 A B B 14 A B B 15 A B B 16 A B B 10 12 ABB 16 ABB AA 16 BB 3/16 2/16 9/16 19% 13% 56% 2
22 12 1 take tate kake [a][e] [t][k] [t][t] [k][k] [t-k t-t k-k] 2 ( ) 3 Mother Money Get 2003 ( ) 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 ( ) 894 (133) (3) 1333 (1549) 1549 (16) (39) 1639
23 (18) (53) 1853 794 (794) 1167 (1167) 1192 (1192) 1488 (1488) ( ) 1543 (1543) 1573 ( ) (1573) 1588 (1588) 1590 (1590) 1615 (16) (15) 1649 (16) (49) 1772 (17) (72) 1871 (1871) 1894 (1894) 1914 (1914) 1915 (1915) 1923 (1923) 1964 (1964) 1978 (1978)
24 5 -im i e -ïm ï a -üm ö ü -um o u my 3 = ( ) = ( ) = ( )
25 Aitchison, Jean. 1999. teach yourself linguistics. Chicago: McGraw-Hill Companies. Hockett, Charles F. 1963. The Problems of universals in language. In Greenberg J H ed. Universals of Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Ishibashi Kotaro et al. eds. Seibido s Dictionary of Linguistics. 1973. Tokyo: Seibido. Lloyd, J.E. 1966. Studies on the flash communication system in Photinus fireflies. Miscellaneous Publication of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan No.130. O Grady et al eds. Contemporary Linguistics Fifth Edition. 2005. Boston: St. Martins. Yule, George. 2006. The Study of Language. Third Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. / 2003 2003 NHK 1989 1973 ( ) 1940 2006 DVD 2008 2005 1998 ( ) http://www.komazawa-u.ac.jp/~hagi/ko_wakamono.html http://www.tnk.gr.jp/young/word/index.asp