69 1 1 13 14
70 2 3 1972 4 5 1992 6 7 1980 100 1997
71 226 2100 8 100 50 9 21 21 21 21 10 11 2 1968 12 13
72 1980 14 15 16 17
73 18 18 20 5 2002 12 9 19 1964 1980 20 21 22
74 23 100 10 10 100 101 1 101 100 99.99 1 0.01 11 10 108.9 1980 24 100 10 11 10 1 25 1 1,000 40 40 1
75 1 25 1 1,000 1,000 5 50 1,000 5 1,050 1,000 26 27
76 28 50 29 3 30 31 32 12 88 17 1680 3 19 3,000
77 1774 1840 33 18 19 100 2070 34
78 35 36 1888 200 19 6,000 8,000 1840 4 1873 3.5 37
38 39 40 41 79
80 42 18 17 17 43 1,200 3,000 44 45 18 19 3,000 46 47 1666 48 18 49 18 50 51 1665
81 1708 1728 1762 18 1891 45 67 52 2005 2 0.1 53 18 4
82 25 1980
83 2004 52 1000 15 54 55 56 1 2006 2 2004a 272 301 3 2003 150 199 4 1985 1997 5 1972 6 1992 7 2005 8 2005 83 93 1999 22 31 9 2005 94 106 10 1995a 2004b 2005 11 1995b 2004b 12 1968 13 1972
84 14 2002 40 2006 31 15 1985 2003 16 1985 77 82 1990 29 35 2003 128 134 17 2005 18 2004a 297 19 UK-National Statistics 2008 20 1985 166 211 2003 54 76 21 NHK 1990 19 22 22 1972 23 1968 451 452 1972 110 119 1972 117 1998 1998 2002 24 2002 40 2006 31 25 1972 126 128 26 2003 64 66 27 1972 128 28 2002 130 156 29 1999 30 1989 31 2004b 32 2004b 2005 33 2004b 16 22, 246 249 34 2004 79 35 1994 1997 1999 2002 1999 2000 36 17 2003 6 37 1992 247 1996 5 19 2003 91 75 38 1997 2002 39 1999 2000 40 1999 41 2005 151 152 42 1998 2002 2002a 2005 43 1998 134 135 2002b 127 44 2001 66 70 45 1998 137 139 46 2000 16 17 47 2002a 75 78 2002b 90 95
85 48 1998 49 2004 6 8 50 1997 2006 51 1998 80 84 52 2007 21 22 53 FAO 2008 54 2006 187 188 55 2001 56 2005 230 231 1985 2002 2003 1985 1997 1994 6 1997 10 1999 2002 2003 1500 2000 2005 NTT 2000 2002a PHP 2002b 19 2006 2006 1992 1998 2002 1999 14 2000
86 2005 2007 1999 14 1998 2002 2006 CO2 1998 1997 2004 3 2005 1996 1999 2001 Garrett Hardin 1968 The Tragedy of the Commons, Science, Vol. 162, No. 3859, 13 December 1968. 1993 1972 1975 2001 D. F. B. J. J. M. 1998 22 1 2002 H L W 1972 H L 1992 H L 2005 1990 2004 1989 1995a 1995b 6 2004a 2004b NTT 2005 1999
87 2006 50 2003 Bjorn Lomborg, The Skeptical Environmentalist : Measuring the Real State of the World, Cambridge University Press, updated version, 2001. NHK 1990 1 FAO 2008 Forestry Department country pages. UK-National Statistics 2008 National Statistics Woodland cover, 1980 and 2002 : Social Trends 34. 2003 2003
88 Forestry and Global Environment : Theoretical and Historical Study for Commons Shinsuke Kaneko Abstract The forest conservation is one of the most important themes among global environment problems. Garrett Hardin claimed in The Tragedy of the Commons that the environment of commons had been destroyed. And he claimed that the environment of private land will be destroyed, too. But we have known the environment of public land was destroyed. So we examined the historical example of forestry. As a result, it became clear that forestry needs exclusive use restrictions and an indefinite use period for forest conservation. The difference of ownership s forms were not important. Keywords: Garrett Hardin, Commons, Forestry, Forest conservation, Easter island model