2006 2006 6 26 [ ] 1 1.1 1. 2. 3. 2 4. 1
GDP GDP BOD. COD. DO. eg.1 GNP CO 2 eg.2 eg. 1 No... eg. 2 2
eg. 3... 1.2 S 8000 1 1000 2 3
1: ( 1999 6 11 2 ) 10 200 10 20 123 20 30 33 30 40 14 40 50 13 50 60 12 8000 19 10 20 1960 30 14 1974 40 50 1987 60 10 20 2 eg. 1 eg. 2 CO2 1.3 4
cf. 18c 90 5000 230-240 5
ie. 2 2.1 45-46 1 4 200 3 3 6
35 2.2 4 200 1 1 2.3 7
3 [25] 2 7-9 c 1 2000 1-2300 etc. 2000-1000 1 BC2000-BC1500 10km 72 [25] 1 8
67 2400 ha [4] 3000 300 2.4 BC8000 BC3000 2 BC2400 2500l/ha [7] 2 1 9
[7] BC2100 BC3500 BC2500 1/6 BC2100 2 BC1700 cf. etc. 2: BC 2400 BC 2100 BC 1700 2500l/ha 1460l/ha 897l/ha BC2000 2 10
2 BC1100 BC3000 AD23-79 3 3.1 3 1 2 3 18 90 BC400 AD500 AD450 17-18c 11
3.2 climax eg. 1. eg. 2. BC.8000 1. 2. 12
3.3 1kg 15kg 19c 1 2 cf. 13
3.4 16c 1/6 4 4.1 18c 90 60 cf. 6.5 13c [7] 17c 14
Sea Coal 17c 1952 1956 1661 1666 4.2 8000 100 1700 8000 1800 8 1900 100 1664-5 46 7 19c 4.3 15
1795-96 20c 16
19 [1] [29] 14 1370 468 7 1832 44 [5] p. 9 1602 1625 1665 65 50 6 7 [5] 1849 1853-1891 2 [7] 1875 1850 170 [5] 17
5 5.1 13c-18c 18c 19c 0.3 19c 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 1 3.0-4.0 1955 17 10 8-9 5.2 1650 0.05 AD150 2 5 1650 5 5 1750 7 3 1650-1750 100 0.3 18
19c 1-2 1970 0.2-0.5 1960 2.5 3 2000 5.3 eg. sustainable development 3: [20] CO2 CO2 50-60 CO2 300ppm 19
CO2 CO2 CO2 280ppm 350ppm missing-sink CO2 10ppm 30 40ppm 10 CO2 20-30 3 c CO2 5.4 CO2 CO2 GNP CO2 CO2 CO2 GNP 20
5.5 80 4: ph7 CO2 ph5.6 SOx NOx ph5.6 ph ph5.4 ph5 SO x NO x SO 2 NO x acid rain 1872 19c [2] 1 21
1985 85,000 21,500 15,000 4,500 1980 1,700 1986 30 14,000 2 50 (1988 ) 9600 m 2 40 1980 3 5: SO x 1970 1980 1983 1986 530 100 126 23.8 108 20.4 2820 100 2390 84.6 2120 75.2 5.6 1960-70 SO x SO x 22
5.7 CFC 113 11 12 22) IC 1974 1980 CO2 6 - - 6.1 GNP( ) GNP 23
6: GDP 3 3000 2001 9,000 2003 1 =14.3 ( ) 700 2003 0.8 2.5 GDP ( 7: 10 60 83 14 6 6.2 24
1960 SO x NO x 8: 1990 1967 SO x 3 SPM 10 1km 2 80t 4 5t 53 3 3 25
30 40 eg. PCB B B eg. 26
eg. 1984 2000 1 2 20 6.3 40 20 10 1700 ha 50 70 14 15 1 1km 2 15 27
20 26 (?) 1/10 6.4 6.4.1 6.4.2 eg. 28
12% 15% eg. eg. ( ) 1/3 ( ) ( ) 6.4.3 29
eg. [2] 9: 1988 kg [2] 317 179 115 114 21 7 30
7 7.1 ( ) 4 7.1.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 4 [6] 31
3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 32
2. 3. 4. 1. 8 1695 2. 3. 2 1773 4. ( ) 10 1839 ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 33
7.1.2 1 5 1755 [6] p.166 (1) (2) 7 1679 8 2 1 3 1846 34
7.2 4 4 4 5 1740 10 1877 13 1880 24 1891 28 1895 29 1896 34 1901 40 1907 49 1974 4 35
7.3 4 4 4 41 1908 7 14 28 1953 31 (1956 ) 36
34 1959 38 (1963 ) 4 44 48 8 ( ) 8.1 ( ) 5 5 Garett Hardin (1968) The Tragedy of Commons, Science, Vol. 162, pp. 1243-1248. 37
( ) 8.2 38
6 eg. 8.3 6 39
8.4 ( ) ( ) ( ) 40
( ) 8.5 [1]. [2]. t 41
[3]. [4]. [5]. [6]. [7]. [8]. [9]. [10]. [11]. [12]. [13]. [14] NHK. [15]. [16]. [17]. [18]. [19]. [20]. [21]. [22]. [23]. [24]. [25] NHK [26]. 42
[27] M & C. [28] E.A. [29]. 43