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Bull. Natl. Mus. Nat. Sci., Ser. E, 37, pp. 13 24, December 22, 2014 305 0005 4 1 1 Development of Hatcho-Throwing-Machine and Chirimen Fabrics in Early Edo Period Yoshikazu TANABE National Museum of Nature and Science, 4 1 1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305 0005, Japan e-mail: tanabehome@sound.ocn.ne.jp Abstract In the early Edo period, soft kimonos (Japanese clothes) were demanded by townspeople because they could move around comfortably. One of key technology is the dyeing technique with various designs, and the other the throwing technique of silk threads, which is indispensable for chirimen fabrics (a kind of Japanese silk crepes). Yuzen-zome dyeing technique was developed ahead and the hatcho-throwing-machine was later developed in Nishijin where was one of the most powerful area of silk textile industry in Kyoto at that time. The hatcho-throwing-machine is characterized that each spindle is directly connected to the big wheel with a single string (or belt), which is called the parallel connection. On the other hand, the spindles of Chinese ones are rotated in good order with the direct connection. The developed time of hatcho-throwing-machine was specified in the Tenna era (1681 1684). Key words: Hatcho-Throwing-Machine, Chirimen Fabrics (Silk Crepe), Yuzen-zome Dyeing Technique, Production Amount of Silk Fabrics and Raw Silk 1. 11200 m 1736

14 1) 2 2) 1 1 2 3) 4),5) 2) 1 1 2 2) 3) 2) 2 6) 7) Kuhn 1988

15 2 6) 8) 9) Schwarz 1947 Rouet18 10) Hedde 18761870 3 11) 1899 4 12) Hedde 1876 11) 13),14) 10 30 Schwarz 1947 3 19 I. Hedde 11) 4 1899 19 12) 15) 3. 16)

16 5 17) 1733 1720 1748 1752 17) 5 1814 18) 6 12 1829 7 720 19) 720 20) De Bavier 1874 8 21) 4 12) Hedde 1876 3 11) 22) 1882 23) 24) 9 1 2 25)

17 6 112 220 18) 3 4 11),12)

18 7 19) 8E. de Bavier 21) 26) 100 m 10 27) 28),29) 30) 20) 2

19 10 27) 4. 91 2 24) 11 1 160 600 g 1 160 31) 1 175 31) 30 100 32) 100 100 31) 2002pp. 29 31

20 11 p. 34 pp. 37 38 33) 1965 1756 1834 1838 34) 35) 18609 36) 11 20 30 1685 31 1725

21 37) 11 17 18 38) 1661 1673 18 11 20 30 1683 1 200 39) 1687 40) 1688 41) 1692 42) 1687 1681 1684 1555 1558 43) 44) 2),3)

22 1711 64,192 45) 44) 46) 60 1719 1752 1730 47) 1744 1750 49 601680 1690 16) 1730 30 100 32) 11 23) 175 31) 48) 48) 49) 48) 100 40 10 40 50)

23 5 17 1681 1684 1) 4-342-1 2) 1617 172-17 3) 1956 pp. 731 732 p. 370 612.22- Z57n 4) 1975 pp. 141 155 5) 1997 pp. 341 468 6) 1843 1-1718 7) 1956 p. 521 8) Kuhn, D., 1988. Science and Civilisation in China, Joseph Needham, vol. 5 (Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part IX, Textile Technology: Spinning and Reeling), p. 230, Figs. 149 150 9) 2002 p. 168, p. 1695 25 p.176 10) Schwarz, A., 1947. Twisting Reel and Spinning Mill, Ciba Review, 59, 2158 2161 11) Hedde, I., 1876. Études Séritechniques Sur Vaucanson, Lyon, p. 29 12) 1899 630-E37s 13) 1962 14) 2004 15) Schwarz, A., 1947. Silk Reels and Silk Mills, Ciba Review, 59, 2148 2153 16) 198-192 17) 1752 1986 18) 1814 183-0354 19) 1829 1-1579 20) 1950 pp. 54 55 21) De Bavier, Ernest., 1874. La Sériciculture: Le Commerce Des Soies Et Des Graines Et L industrie De La Soie Au Japon, Lyon. 22) 1975 pp. 33 62 1986 23) 830-66 24) 25) 31999 p. 209 26) 1965p. 165123 27) http://www.dewa.or.jp/yoneori/page2.htm 28) 1956 p. 528

24 29) 1956 p. 737 612.22-Z57n 30) 1666 117-18 31) 2002 p. 2 pp. 41 42 p. 71 p. 117 32) 1896 p. 20 33) 2002 pp. 29 31 p. 34 pp. 37 38 34) 1965 1975 4 pp. 104 105 35) 1980 36) 1943 p. 31 pp. 160 162 37) 1725 1508-1 38) 1964 1995 p. 33 39) 1965pp. 194 195 40) 1687 13-41 41) 1688-243 42) 1692 1993 43) 1850 I1977 p. 341 44) 1877 1974 p. 50 45) 1964 1995 pp. 109 118 9 1711 46) I 1977 p. 360 47) I 1977 p. 361 48) 1789 119-42 49) 1857 1857 pp.17 25 1752 1759 1752 1752 1759 9 50 17529 1741 1744 50) 1905 25p. 18