;HgS 1998 ;Fe2O kg ; kg 1 Minami et al., S 33 S 34 S 36 S % 0.75% 4.21% S 34 S 34 S Ish

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1 Chikyukagaku Geochemistry Identification of the sources of vermilion in the burial mounds of the Late Yayoi to Kofun periods in the coast of Japan Sea of western Japan using sulfur isotope ratio Takeshi MINAMI,MayaKAWANO,Noboru FURUKAWA, Kazuya TAKAHASHI,AkinoriTAKEUCHI and Setsuo IMAZU Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashi-osaka, Osaka , Japan Cultural Heritage Center of Fukui City, Fuchi, Fukui, , Japan RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama , Japan National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki , Japan Kyushu National Museum, Ishisaka, Dazaifu, Fukuoka , Japan Corresponding author Vermilion was collected from powerful people s mounds of places of Japan Sea coast depending on the period from the decline of the Yayoi to Kofun and was measured sulfur isotope ratio ( 34 Svalue), and compared the value obtained fromcinnabar ores of three Japanese mines, Niu, Yamato-suigin, and Sui, and two Chinese mines, Wanshan and Xunyang, which were selected from old records. The vermilion of the late Yayoi period, the 1st to 2nd century A.D., was from China, and the vermilion of the early Kofun period, from the late 3rd century A.D., was from Japan. During the late Yayoi and early Kofun periods, the 3rd century A.D., the vermilion showed the middle of the shift of Japanese cinnabar. It is concluded that the measurement of sulfur isotope of vermilion is an effective method for the determination of original sources of vermilion. Key words: Vermillion, Sulfur isotope ratio, Burialmound, Yayoi Period, Kofun Period

2 ;HgS 1998 ;Fe2O kg ; kg 1 Minami et al., S 33 S 34 S 36 S % 0.75% 4.21% S 34 S 34 S Ishihara et al kg ; Minami et al., 2005

3 Fig. 1 Places of cinnabar mines and burial mounds of the Coast of Japan Sea from the late Yayoi to Kofun periods. (a) Cinnabar mines in Japan and China, (b) Burial mounds of Japan Sea Coast S 34 S Minami et al., S Minami et al., 2005; 2011Ishihara et al Fig Table 1 b b a 1 4

4 Table 1 Ratio of sulfur isotope of vermilion collected from burial mounds in Fukui Prefecture. Vermilion samples were collected from the area of the foot of the remains (a) and from the area of head of the remains (b) in Wooden coffin m 50 m : 1: 3Minami et al mg : 3:1 5ml 100 C C Dowex 50 W-X 8 20 ml 1M 60 C 10 mg 100 mg 470 C C Thermo Finnigan DELTAplus; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan 32 S 34 S 34 S mg 400 g Elemental Analyzer Euro EA HEKAtech GmbH, Germany 1,000 C IsoPrism High Performance Stable Isotope Ratio MS, GV Instrument Ltd., EVISA, Germany 34 S g 1/ Fig. 2r n S 34 S n n n n n S

5 Fig. 2 Relationship between old and new methods for the measurement of sulfur isotope Fifteen cinnabar ores were measured sulfur isotope ratio using both old and new methods. Old method: Minami et al.(2005). Table S 6.4n 2 34 S 5.4n 1 34 S Ishihara et al S S S 34 S Table 2Fig. 1 Fig S Table 2 34 S

6 Table 2 Ratio of sulfur isotope of vermilion collected from burial mounds in the coast of Japan Sea of Western Japan from late Yayoi to Kofun periods S Table S 34 S S 34 S

7 Minami, T., Imai, A., Bunno, M., Kawakami, K. and Imazu, S. (2005) Using sulfur isotopes to determine the sources of vermillion in ancient burial mounds in Japan. Geoarchaeology, 20, Ishihara, S., Sasaki, A., Minagawa, T., Bunno, M., Shishido, A. and Tanaka, R. (2000) Paired sulfur isotope belts: Late cenozoic ore deposits of southwest Japan pp.

ha38. 3ha 35. 4ha 3. 4km 40ha B. C m 40m 2. 5m 4 5m b 14 3, 4, 5 2 a 2 a, 3 a 25m 10m 4 9 MH 52 68% 3 b 10 30cm 6,7, 8 JIS A12

ha38. 3ha 35. 4ha 3. 4km 40ha B. C m 40m 2. 5m 4 5m b 14 3, 4, 5 2 a 2 a, 3 a 25m 10m 4 9 MH 52 68% 3 b 10 30cm 6,7, 8 JIS A12 1 2 1 847 1201 1417 1 E-mail: onitsuka@nkg-net.co.jp 2 E-mail: hara@nkg-net.co.jp B. C. 150 3 3 Key Words: Yoshinogari burial mound, Chinese burial mounds, construction technique, Hanchiku, Sochiku, Taichiku