/ 1995 Grid Access Model 1. (1) 22 1998 12 11 2000-1-
(2) IPP Independent Power Producers IPP 1995 NCC(New Common Carrier NCC NTT NTT NCC NTT NTT IPP 2. IPP 2.1 1995 4 (3) [1] [2] IPP [2] IPP IPP [1] [2] IPP [3] [4] [2] [3] [1] [4] -2-
IPP (5) IPP IPP 1990 1997 12 Grid Access Model) ROR) rate-of-return regulation ROR ) (6) 2.2 1951 5 1970 1978 PURPA(Public Utilities Regulatory Policies Act 1995 12 (4) IPP -3-
3 (7) (unbundling) 4.1. 3. 3.1. (8) (9) 1998 12 11 1997 12 Demand-Side Management DSM (10) ) 3200 DSM -4-
1998 6 11 2010 CO 3 1910 1995 2500 (13) 7 30 3 (14) 5/6 16 25 / 12 (15) 80 20 20 IPP (11) (12) (16) 85 3.2. 3.1. -5-
1 EU IPP (17) 80 3.3. 18 1 4 (18) 1998 6 11 2010 20 45 100 21 2010 20 (19) CO 1997 12 1999-6-
IPP IPP IPP 3.41 IPP (20) (21) 2000 4. 4.1. 2.1. 4.2. [1] [2] -7-
IPP 29 1 2 Grid Access Model 1 IPP 1 ISO Independent System Operator (23) (22) 2000 2 IPP IPP (24) (25) 5. 2001-8-
1 CO 1997 102 2 International Energy Agency,1999.Energy Policies of IEA Countries Japan 1999 Review,pp.65-102, OECD,1999,Electricity Market Reform pp.11-16, 1998 4 3 1998 520 32 4 Supra note(2)electricity Market Reform, pp.21-25. IPP 5 2 29 6 [1] [2] 1996 103 2 98 IPP 7 2000 9 8 1998 9 1998 10 24 47 IPP 1998 12 25 (1997 10 31) 1998 10 16 10 1998 12-9-
http://www.tepco.co.jp/corp-com/report/tr9802/usa- 13 j.html supra note(2)electricity Market Reform,pp.87-1998 12 21 88. 11 1991 2000 17 2 100 149 supra note(2)electricity Market Reform, pp.48-53. 12 1997 18 27 2 36 1999 4 9 13 1995 CO Y94011 1994 1998 11 28 1999 1993 3 23 1999 2 21 14 1999 19 1999 5 11 15 LNG 9 10 13 1999 1 17 1998 20 ISO 6 1998 1999 6 5 1998 5 28 16 1998 3 1998 6 2 21 1000 2000 http://kdd2.fepc.or.jp/koho/9810kai.htm 1998 10 22-10- 22 62
4 22 41 3 408 International Energy Agency(1999),Energy Policies of IEA Countries Jaapan 1999 Review,pp. 65-102. OECD(1999),Electricity Market Reform,pp.46-101. OECD(1997)Key Issues in Developing Renewables,pp.9-35. 1996 173 174 1987 1996 173 59 9 52 55 1997 102 194 186 1995 1250 181 1 29 59 9 52 1998 10 24 44 27 59 9 56 1997 890 73 27 2 36 42 1998 206 207 23 1996 100 126 24 cream skimming 1987 59 9 56 60 IPP 1987 890 73 78 IPP 1998 520 30 36 http://www.sorifu.go.jp/whitepaper/gyokaku/kisei/r onten/6ji/p4.html) 1987 186 1250 181 185 25 1994 1 43 DSM 1998 17 23 1994 IPP 194 195 1998 4 232-11-
ABSTRACT Electricity Market Reform the introduction of competition into end-user supply The electricity supply industry, all sectors of which were considered to be a natural monopoly until very recently, is being reformed in Japan. Its power generation sector was liberalized in 1995 and the introduction of competition into end-user supply sector has been discussed. A new access to the electricity industry has been tried, industry which now features both wide regulation from the authorities and deep protection through 'regional monopoly' and a 'rate-of-return' systems. Even after the regulatory reform of this sector, improved efficiency must not jeopardize public objectives, i.e., universal service, security of supply, energy security and environmental effects. That is, regulatory reform must not be the one to preclude renewable energy and nuclear power generation which are implicated in global warming. The deregulation of the electricity sector is to 'maximize the self-management of electric power companies' and to 'minimize administrative interventions'. Regional electricity companies should improve efficiency to become 'common companies' through market evaluation, and keeping end-users' benefits. Taking these points into consideration, Japan should bring the grid access model as the model of competition the owner of the grid must allow competitors to use it, on non-discriminatory terms and prices. Keeping three public objectives security of supply, reduced prices, and social equity is required to the electricity sector, and the government should show a clear policy about these public objectives, considering the uniqueness of Japan that has few energy resources. Under these conditions, regional electricity companies are needed to be competitive with independent power producers (IPP) and a system where end-users can choose the producers by themselves must be established. Keywords: market-oriented reform, public objectives, grid access model, renewable energy, common company -12-