2016 2016 4 6 [ ] 1 1.1 1.1.1 1. 2. 3. 2 1 4. 1
700-800 1 GDP GDP 1 98% 2
1.1.2 BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD COD Chemical Oxygen Demand COD DO DO PM2.5 eg.1 GDP CO 2 eg.2 Life Cycle Assessment 3
eg. 1 No... eg. 2 eg. 3... Not in my back yard (NIMBY) 4
1.2 N N r t N ( ) dn K N dt = rn K N = K 1 + exp r(t 0 t) (0 < N < K) (1) t = 0 (1) (2) S // // 8000 1 1000 2 8000 19 10 20 1960 30 14 1974 40 50 1987 60 10 1 5 (2)
1: ( 1999 6 11 2 ) 10 200 10 20 123 20 30 33 30 40 14 40 50 13 50 60 12 20 2 2 eg. 1 PCB eg. 2 CO2 1.3 3 2 climax 6
1.3.1 cf. 1.3.2 7
18c 90% 5000 230-240 1.3.3 8
3 1.3.4 ie. 1.4 (1) (2) (1) K ds N(K N) = rdt K N(K N) ds = r dt. K N(K N) = 1 N + 1 K N { } 1 N + 1 ds = rt + C K N C N (0, K) 3 9
log N log K N = log N log(k N) = rt + C N N K N = ert C N = (2) K 1 + C e rt 10
2 2.1 2.1.1 45-46 30 16 10 4 2.3 6500 700 1 4 200 [ ] 230 3 3 4 35 6500 4 11
2.1.2 4 200 5 1 1 20 2.2 2.2.1 5 DNA 12
3 [28] 2 7-9 c 1 2000 2: 1 3000 9000 9000 6000 6000 5000 5000 4000 4000 3000 3000 2300 1 2300 (i) (ii) (iii) etc. 6 6 13
3000-2300 7 BC2000-BC1500 10km 72 [28] 2.2.2 67 2400 ha [4] 7 14
2.2.3 3000 300 (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 80% 2.3 2.3.1 BC8000 Canis lupsu familiaris 8 2010 8 Canis lupsu) 15
3 3000 1 4000 2012 2.3.2 BC3000 9 BC2400 2500l/ha [8] 2.3.3 [8] BC2100 BC3500 BC2500 1/6 BC2100 2 BC1700 cf. etc. 9 1 16
3: BC 2400 BC 2100 BC 1700 2500l/ha 1460l/ha 897l/ha 2.3.4 BC2000 2 2 2.3.5 BC1100 BC3000 AD23-79 17
2.4 1 18
3 3.1 3 1 2 3 11 13 18 90 BC400 AD500 AD450 17-18c 3.2 climax eg. 1. 19
eg. 2. BC.8000 1. 2. 20
3.3 1kg 15kg open field system [5] 3.4 16c 19c 2 1800 40% 60 80% [31] 21
[31] 19C 1820 100 5.8 3.6 10 18C 100 27% 19c 1 2 11 cf. 10 1 = 4046.856m 2 11 22
4 4.1 16c 1/6 4.2 18c 90 60 23
cf. 6.5 13c [8] 17c Sea Coal 17c 12 1661 1666 4.3 8000 100 1700 8000 1800 8 1900 100 12 1952 1956 24
1664-5 46 7 19c. 1 4.4 4.4.1 18 90% 2 18 18 1776 25
1812 1825 1830 4.4.2 1800 1500 610 1/4 226 4000 0.1 0.4% 2000 8000 18 1830 5 8000 1848 134 6% 26
4.4.3 A.C. 1827 acid rain 4.4.4 1795-96 6.4.3 27
20c 4.4.5 19 [1] [32] 14 1370 468 7 1832 44 [6] p. 9 28
1602 1625 1665 65 50 6 7 [6] 1849 1853-1891 2 [8] 1875 1850 170 [6] 29
5 5.1 13c-18c 18c 19c 0.3 19c 1.5-2.0 2.0-3.0 1 3.0-4.0 1955 17 10 8-9 5.2 1650 0.05 AD150 2 5 1650 5 5 1750 7 3 1650-1750 100 0.3 30
19c 1-2 1970 0.2-0.5 1960 2.5 3 2000 5.3 eg. sustainable development 4: [23] CO2 CO2 50-60 CO2 300ppm 31
CO2 CO2 CO2 280ppm 350ppm missing-sink CO2 10ppm 30 40ppm 10 CO2 20-30 3 CO2 5.4 CO2 CO2 CO2 GNP CO2 CO2 CO2 GNP 32
5.5 80 5: ph7 CO2 ph5.6 SOx NOx ph5.6 ph ph5.4 ph5 SO x NO x SO 2 NO x acid rain 1872 4.4.3 19c [2] 1 33
1985 85,000 21,500 15,000 4,500 1980 1,700 1986 30 14,000 2 50 (1988 ) 9600 m 2 40 1980 3 6: SO x 1970 1980 1983 1986 530 100 126 23.8 108 20.4 2820 100 2390 84.6 2120 75.2 5.6 1960-70 SO x SO x 34
5.7 CFC 113 11 12 22) IC 1974 1980 CO2 35
6 - - 6.1 GNP( ) GNP 7: GDP 2012 [Source: The World Bank] 6 7,440 4 6,730 3 9,740 9,380 6,090 2,400 8: [Source: The World Bank] 0.3% 1.8% GDP 36
( 9: 10 60 83 14 6 6.2 1960 SO x NO x 53 13 13 37
10: 1990 1967 SO x 3 SP M 10 1km 2 80t 4?5t 30?40 38
eg. PCB B B eg. eg. 1984 2000?1 2 20 6.3 40 20 10 1700 ha 50 70 39
14 15 1 1km 2 15 20 26 (?) 1/10 6.4 6.4.1 40
6.4.2 eg. 12% 15% eg. eg. 41
( ) 1/3 ( ) ( ) 6.4.3 eg. [2] 42
11: 1988 kg [2] 317 179 115 114 21 7 43
7 7.1 ( ) 14 7.1.1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 7.1.2 ( ) 1. 2. 14 [7] 44
3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 7.1.3 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 45
7.1.4 1. 2. 3. 4. 7.1.5 1. 8 1695 2. 3. 2 1773 4. ( ) 10 1839 ) 7.1.6 1. 2. 3. 4. 46
7.1.7 1 7.1.8 5 1755 [7] p.166 7.1.9 (1) (2) 7 1679 8 2 1 3 1846 47
7.2 7.2.1 4 4 4 5 1740 10 1877 13 1880 24 1891 28 1895 29 1896 34 1901 40 1907 49 1974 4 48
7.2.2 7.3 4 4 4 41 1908 7 14 28 1953 31 (1956 ) 49
34 1959 38 (1963 ) 4 44 48 50
8 8.1 8.1.1 ( ) ( ) 15 15 Garett Harding (1968) The Tragedy of the Commons, Science, Vol. 162, pp. 1243-1248. 51
8.1.2 ( ) open field 8.2 52
16 eg. 8.3 16 53
8.4 ( ) ( ) 54
( ) ( ) 8.5 8.6 ( ) ( ) 55
( ) ( ) 8.7 56
57
[1]. [2]. t [3]. [4]. [5] [6]. [7]. [8]. [9]. [10] J. [11]. [12]. [13]. [14]. [15]. [16] NHK. [17]. [18]. [19]. [20] [21]. [22]. [23]. [24]. 58
[25]. [26]. [27]. [28] NHK [29]. [30] M & C. [31] E.A. [32]. 59