(3) Suguru Yamaguchi Nara Institute of Science and Technology Department of Information Science
Medium Access Control (MAC) Information Network 1 / 2012 2
Access Channel : Point-to-point PPP Point-to-point (LAN) 802.11 wireless LAN Information Network 1 / 2012 3
MAC Protocols (1) Medium Access Protocol R MR/M : Information Network 1 / 2012 4
MAC Protocols (2) : Channel Partitioning () Random Access Taking turns Information Network 1 / 2012 5
TDMA (1) Time Division Multiple Access Length = 1 frame (N=8) terminal B terminal A Information Network 1 / 2012 6
TDMA (2) Information Network 1 / 2012 7
TDMA (3) Information Network 1 / 2012 8
TDMA ATM () TDMA TDMA Based on STM (Synchronous transfer mode) TDMA LAN ATM LAN TDMA Information Network 1 / 2012 9
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access frequency band frequency band frequency band 1 Frequency 2 3 Time Information Network 1 / 2012 10
FDMA (2) () Information Network 1 / 2012 11
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDM (EU) ADSL LAN (IEEE 802.11a/g/n) WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d/e) 4G Information Network 1 / 2012 12
A, θ k, f c, 3: s( t) = A cos( 2π f t + θ ) ASK : Amplitude Shift Keying PSK : Phase Shift Keying FSK : Frequency Shift Keying c k OFDM ASKPSK Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Information Network 1 / 2012 13
Symbol Waveform Digital Information 1 0 1 0 0 carrier ASK PSK FSK Symbol length Information Network 1 / 2012 14
(1) Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting for Terrestrial Television Broadcasting (ISDB-T) 2006 2011 5.6MHz13OFDM(~430 khz ) HDTV or SDTV: 12 Mobile TV : 1 Information Network 1 / 2012 15
(2) NHK public paper: http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/publica/bt/en/le0020.pdf Information Network 1 / 2012 16
Random Access Protocols R Random access MAC : : ALOHA Slotted ALOHA CSMA CSMA/CD CSMA/CA Information Network 1 / 2012 17
Pure ALOHA (1) ALOHA system 2 -> (uplink) -> (downlink) : ACK ACK ACKRTT (Round Trip Time) [0,K] r r Information Network 1 / 2012 18
Pure ALOHA (2) Information Network 1 / 2012 19
Pure ALOHA (3) K Information Network 1 / 2012 20
Slotted ALOHA (1) Slotted ALOHA pure ALOHA systematic order (throughput 18.4% 36.8%) Information Network 1 / 2012 21
Slotted ALOHA (2) Basic idea: Information Network 1 / 2012 22
Pure ALOHA vs Slotted ALOHA Slotted ALOHA : Pure ALOHA Slotted ALOHA Information Network 1 / 2012 23
CSMA (1) Carrier Sense Multiple Access ( ) RTT/2 Information Network 1 / 2012 24
CSMA (2) () 1-persistent channel free: channel busy: 1 non-persistent channel free: channel busy: (slotted) p-persistent CSMA channel free: p channel busy: Information Network 1 / 2012 25
CSMA (3) CSMA Collision Detection (/CD) Ethernet 802.3 Collision Avoidance (/CA) LAN 802.11 Information Network 1 / 2012 26
MAC Throughput Performance Information Network 1 / 2012 27
Taking Turn MAC Protocols MAC: : 1/N Random access MAC protocols : : Taking turns :Polling & Token Information Network 1 / 2012 28
Token Passing 802.4 (Token Bus), 802.5 (Token Ring) FDDIToken Passing () Information Network 1 / 2012 29
Historical transition Pure ALOHA Slotted ALOHA CSMA CSMA/CD (Ethernet) Token Ring FDDI TDMA ATM Information Network 1 / 2012 30
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3 Family) Information Network 1 / 2012 31
Ethernet CSMA/CDLAN IEEE802.3 10Mbps, base-band transmission 1500octet MTU LAN 10Base5, 10Base2 UTP10BaseT Information Network 1 / 2012 32
Fast Ethernet 100Mbps Ethernet UTP/CAT5 10 Mbps Ethernet 100BaseT / 10BaseT/100BaseT, Unidirectional / Bidirectional Information Network 1 / 2012 33
Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3z) 1Gbps Half-channel is 1Gbps Full duplex 1000Base-SX (), 1000Base-LX () IEEE802.3z NIC Information Network 1 / 2012 34
Gigabit Ethernet (IEEE802.3ab) New Gigabit Ethernet standard 1000Base-T UTP 1Gbps Ethernet Maximum 100m Information Network 1 / 2012 35
Ethernet Family Strengths Fast Ethernet 10BaseT Fast Ethernet10BaseT network Plug-and-play ATM Information Network 1 / 2012 36
Ethernet Technology Ethernet Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Data Rate 10Mbps 100Mbps 1Gbps CAT 5 UTP 100m 100m 100m (CAT5+/6) STP/Coax 500m 100m N/A Multi-mode Fiber 2Km 412m (hd*) 2Km (fd*) 550m Single-mode Fiber 25Km 20Km > 5Km *IEEE half duplex/full duplex note: IEEE 802.3z Information Network 1 / 2012 37
Ethernet s address 6 (48 bit) (IEEE) 3 IEEE MAC address 00:a0:cc:7c:47:16 Assigned by IEEE Assigned by vendor 00 a0 cc 7c 47 16 Information Network 1 / 2012 38
10Gbps Ethernet IEEE802.3ae 2002IEEE WANLAN WAN PHY SONET frame SONET/SDH 300m, wavelength: 850nm 10km, wavelength: 1310nm 40km, wavelength: 1550nm LAN PHY Ethernet Frame 300m, wavelength: 850nm 10km, wavelength: 1310nm 40km, wavelength: 1550nm 10km, wavelength: 1310nm 2002 10GBASE-LR serial (1310nm) 10GBASE-EX4(1550nm WWDM e: 10Km 50Km Information Network 1 / 2012 39
40Gbps/100Gbps Ethernet IEEE802.3ba 20097IEEE : 10Gbps 2(full-duplex) BER (Bit Error Rate) 10-12 OTNOptical Transport Network) 40Gbps SMF >10km OM3 MMF >100m Copper cable assembly >7m Backplane >1m 100Gbps SMF >40km or >10km OM3 MMF >100m Copper cable assembly >7m Information Network 1 / 2012 40
40Gbps Ethernet Single-mode Fibre PMD IEEE802.3bg 20113 PMD: Physical Medium Dependent : MAC/PLSBER10-12 MAC40Gbps 40GBASE-R PCS PMA IEEE 802.3baIEEE 802.3as SMF2km40Gbps 40Gbps(OTU3/ STM-256/OC-768/40G POS) Information Network 1 / 2012 41
Future of Ethernet Terabit Ethernet P802.3bj 100m4x25G 2km Switch agnostic NIC Partitioning (NPAR) OpenFlow Virtual ports: NIC, FCoE, or isci research control plane 42
Requirements for the Data Link Information Network 1 / 2012 43
Today s data link requirements Wide bandwidth Large scale Virtualization Coverage expansion Information Network 1 / 2012 44
Development of data link technologies Wide bandwidth Switched media Large scale Bridges Virtualization VLAN Coverage expansion Broadband wireless, residential access, etc. Information Network 1 / 2012 45
Wide bandwidthshared media switched media High-bandwidth commodity LAN Processor Interconnect Technology medium access Non-blocking crossbar switch Information Network 1 / 2012 46
switched media switched media shared media Shared media Wireless LAN Voice Video (MPEG2) Video (MotionJPEG) Switched media Ethernet Voice Video (MPEG2) Video (MotionJPEG) Video (D1) Video (HD D1) 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 Information Network 1 / 2012 47
Large scale Bridges LAN, Wiring in floorcoax 100m Wiring between buildingsoptical fiber 5km Information Network 1 / 2012 48
Bridge basics: Transparent bridge Transparent bridge MAC Promiscuous: Transparent bridge 1 2 Fwd to 1 Fwd to 2 A, B, C, D E, F, G, H Information Network 1 / 2012 49
Learning bridge MAC (flooding) MAC 1 2 Construct a table with learning Information Network 1 / 2012 50
Loops in learning bridges AG 1 2 4 5 3 6 7 9 8 10 Information Network 1 / 2012 51
Spanning tree bridges Spanning tree 1D 3D 2D 4R 6A 5D 7D R: root port D: designated port 9D A: alternative port 8D 10R Information Network 1 / 2012 52
More various technologies VLAN VLAN WDM MPLS Broadband wireless, residential access, WiMAX, Information Network 1 / 2012 53