名称未設定-1

No. 57

ISSResearchSeriesNo.57 HouseholdExpendituresinJapanduringtheInterwarPeriod: AnalysisFocusedonFamilyResponsesandtheirLimits KazutoshiKASE,Editor INSTITUTEOFSOCIALSCIENCE,THEUNIVERSITYOFTOKYO,2015

1930 2009 2011 3 2015 1 10

1 1 1 2 2 6 11 1920 15 15 1 16 2 19 22 25 25 1 26 2 32 37 1919 41 41 1 1 42 2 44 49 i

51 51 1 52 2 57 62 67 67 1 68 2 71 3 78 192030 80 83 83 1 84 2 88 3 90 93 97 97 1 98 2 100 3 104 110 ii

115 115 1 117 2 1930 120 3 122 128 133 133 1 134 2 138 3 141 145 10 149 149 1 150 2 1930 154 3 159 161 11 165 165 1 166 2 174 178 181 iii

192030 1

1 191620 1 1916 1) 31 2 1918 20 2) 90 40 3) 3 1919 6 20 6 4) 400 2 1921 6 22 5 5) 5 5 2 12 651 50 300 7 1921 2 3 6) 30 150 13 1921 11 7) 3 497 1922 11 8) 2

9) 8 1,027 60 350 10 1923 3 4 10) 200 40 200 14 1920 25 1926 9 27 8 11) 1930 60 200 9 1929 32 12) 1931 40 9 8 10 3

30 192627 50 100 7 1934 611 13) 4 93 70 200 100 62 1940 4 41 3 14) 20 40 5 1931 4 1 3 15) 2 8 4 5 3 1935 16) 1932 611 17) 1926 4

2 189 5 120 18 60 87 1938 711 18) 20 1 15 269 1938 6 39 5 19) 121 20 1930 20 ) 193140 50 100 10 10 8 5

1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 84 79 81 81 82 81 85 85 81 81 82 83 82 83 85 86 986 10-1,036 66 1,053 73 1,085 75 1,074 78 1,049 80 1,062 91 1,113 83 104 9 376 20-392 187 374 166 390 175 401 177 384 159 399 159 405 149 60 30-40- 250 78 295 70 308 79 340 58 322 74 316 69 329 71 417 88 50-29 40 42 42 38 30 31 39 1,984 2,097 2,144 2,183 2,222 2,252 2,075 2,130-9 772 802 825 840 852 858 786 754 10-159 190 164 186 197 215 212 263 20-284 254 294 277 233 226 230 89 30-548 618 613 620 666 672 589 669 40-163 176 184 190 203 214 206 272 50-58 57 64 70 71 67 52 83 1 1 2 2 193140 1 1931 1940 31.9 40.0 8.1 35.3 44.6 9.3 1930 1926 1931 6

42 1928 184 202 176 193 288 399 199 188 78 51 1929 181 203 163 193 288 361 195 187 78 51 1930 155 173 149 178 271 288 139 181 73 51 1931 136 151 106 170 199 261 109 144 67 51 1932 137 158 118 182 216 223 127 133 67 51 1933 146 161 120 182 230 298 167 136 67 51 1934 149 164 144 182 220 305 174 137 67 51 1935 152 170 163 183 233 287 175 146 67 51 1936 159 184 170 205 260 340 176 147 67 51 1937 174 193 182 205 288 394 213 151 67 51 1938 200 210 192 202 288 483 330 157 73 48 1939 224 238 198 221 287 512 322 157 78 48 1940 260 281 222 272 296 574 322 157 78 48 1941 263 273 222 291 307 607 322 191 85 48 11421968 1931 0.8 4.5 1925 2 1930 1940 1937 1930 2 1930 10 193133 1940 1930 1930 7

19 14 17 12 5 13 10 12 9 3 65 1930 20 37 1) 1930 5 7 150 8

2) 1930 3 10 1940 60 11 3 3 20 30 5 3) 5 1930 46 1921 2 3 10 7 1934 6 11 24 9

4) 1930 4 3 2 1940 2 60 21) 5) 193132 1936 1940 200 4.82529 0.23034 0.8 3539 3.040 5.7 6.4 9.5 11.4 5.812.111.6 6) 5 1933 1 10

1 0.4 7) 89 80 612 710 35 80 1 11

4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1) 1916 11 2) 1921 12 3) 4) 191920 5) 1925 3 6) 1923 7 7) 1922 6 8) 1925 3 9) 1 10) 1924 3 11) 1 4 1929 12) 13) 1936 3 14) 1942 3 1941 4 42 3 15) 1932 3 16) 1931 25 32 3 21,666 1932 6 10 1933 8,046 1933 10 10 1934 7 8 1934 4 12

1934 610 36 7 4,710 1932 1012 3 17) 1933 10 18) 1940 3 19) 1939 11 20) 7 12 21) 1939 1938 3940 13

1920 1920 1900 1 1910 1920 1) 2) 3) 1920 15

1920 4) 1910 1920 1921 19221927 1919 6 1920 6 400 1 1926 1920 2 1 1920 1926 5) 1919 6 1920 6 13 6) 7 7) 406 2,456 2 1 1 13 10 1 1 2 1919 6 75 16

79 1920 6 96 68 27 1919 12 1 105 2.92 80.07 79.30 0.77 2 46 2.85 92.35 84.03 8.33 1919 12 160 51 3 22 2.88 78.27 74.45 3.82 4 16 2.90 78.01 77.99 0.02 5 23 2.82 115.65 85.81 29.84 89 32 6 15 3.06 98.09 93.51 4.58 7 9 12 16 3.24 2.78 122.11 93.69 112.44 86.67 9.67 7.02 8 10 17 14 2.92 3.01 98.62 95.64 95.48 91.81 3.14 3.84 11 30 2.99 96.80 94.95 1.84 12 80 3.23 92.20 88.77 3.43 13 10 4.00 102.39 99.28 3.11 1919 12 1919 611 1920 406 3.01 91.23 86.31 4.92 16 402 2,249 2 2 60 60 80 1 120 8) 50 1 6 60 7 9 1 2-60 73 2.59 50.89 54.96 30.09 12.25 55.0 4.6 8.1 2.8 6.4 60-80 126 2.89 69.79 69.07 35.74 13.16 51.6 4.3 8.2 2.7 7.5 80-100 111 3.02 89.34 83.71 39.85 13.87 50.4 3.7 8.7 3.3 8.1 100-120 47 3.25 109.81 102.46 46.28 15.42 49.5 3.9 7.3 3.0 8.0 120-150 28 3.54 133.89 123.74 50.43 15.23 47.1 3.0 7.7 3.3 8.7 150-17 4.46 187.09 171.65 61.51 14.24 47.9 4.9 6.8 5.0 7.6 17

9) 1926 3 1919 1 55 6 1920 55 88 1926 45 1927 42 10) 11) 1910 12) 1920 1910-60 64 2.53 100.0 54.6 29.7 2.5 1.6 3.6 60-80 114 2.90 100.0 51.7 27.2 2.2 1.4 3.7 80-100 112 3.02 100.0 47.7 24.1 1.8 1.4 3.8 100-120 56 3.17 100.0 45.5 22.8 1.7 1.4 3.6 120-140 22 3.55 100.0 44.0 21.1 1.3 1.6 3.8 140-160 19 3.96 100.0 40.0 19.1 1.9 1.3 3.2 160-180 7 3.44 100.0 31.8 15.5 1.0 2.3 2.1 180-200 6 3.89 100.0 36.0 14.4 0.6 1.5 4.0 1920 200-6 3.70 100.0 26.8 11.8 1.0 0.8 2.5 406 3.03 100.0 46.6 23.6 1.8 1.4 3.6 3210 3.18 100.0 39.8 15.6 0.2 0.8 3.4-60 191 2.78 100.0 50.2 23.0 0.4 0.6 3.9 60-80 621 2.94 100.0 44.9 19.5 0.3 0.6 3.6 1930 80-100 958 3.05 100.0 42.0 16.9 0.2 0.7 3.6 100-120 658 3.20 100.0 38.1 14.7 0.2 0.8 3.3 120-140 398 3.41 100.0 37.0 13.7 0.2 0.8 3.4 140-160 188 3.74 100.0 36.4 12.9 0.2 0.8 3.3 160-180 98 3.75 100.0 34.2 11.9 0.1 1.0 3.0 180-200 47 3.70 100.0 31.8 10.2 0.1 0.8 2.8 200-41 4.36 100.0 32.4 10.7 0.1 1.0 3.1 3210 3.18 100.0 39.8 15.6 0.2 0.8 3.4 1926 18

1 2 3 1 1 4 1 13) 1 1 3 1 68 46 810 24 10 1 6 8 4 6 80 72.8 80 120 69.6120 66.7 1 1 1 2 1.8 80 1 10 1 8 1 19

-80 80-120 120-1 100 1 1 2-4 15 2.70 22.5 8.6 3.3 39.9 8.6 11.1 4.4 7.8 4-6 61 2.88 31.3 11.3 5.3 48.8 6.0 8.3 2.7 7.9 6-8 84 2.88 36.4 13.1 6.9 54.7 3.8 8.1 2.6 6.7 8-10 32 2.30 36.5 16.1 8.9 56.2 2.4 8.1 2.5 7.1 10-7 1.79 33.5 19.7 11.9 60.4 2.3 5.6 3.4 6.4 199 2.73 33.7 12.9 6.6 52.7 4.4 8.2 2.8 7.2 2-4 6 3.33 32.4 10.5 3.4 36.1 5.3 10.6 6.2 8.5 4-6 38 3.65 40.1 11.3 5.2 47.3 5.0 8.5 3.4 7.9 6-8 72 2.98 40.7 14.1 7.0 51.1 3.6 8.5 3.0 8.2 8-10 37 2.72 46.0 17.2 8.7 51.6 2.8 7.6 3.0 8.5 10-5 2.28 50.0 25.5 13.7 55.7 2.9 6.1 3.6 4.8 158 3.07 41.8 14.4 7.0 50.1 3.7 8.2 3.2 8.1 2-4 4 3.70 47.1 12.7 3.7 28.7 2.2 10.3 6.0 9.0 4-6 12 4.38 50.4 12.1 5.2 45.1 6.7 7.6 5.1 6.3 6-8 18 3.95 57.1 15.0 7.1 49.2 3.5 7.4 4.3 8.7 8-10 9 3.44 58.2 17.6 8.9 52.9 1.9 5.7 2.2 8.9 10-2 2.72 56.2 20.7 10.4 50.5 1.6 7.5 1.7 10.6 45 3.89 54.6 14.8 6.8 47.4 3.8 7.3 4.0 8.2 80 40 60 1 80 120 1 80 2 46.7 2 54.4 14) 80 1 4 8 59 7.5 15 1 120 1 4 8.9 20

80 120 1 1 120 1 6 80 120 1 1 5 1-80 80-120 120-1919 1920 1 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 107.8 116.4 121.3 124.7 124.7 127.0 132.5 131.6 132.2 124.7 121.8 107.5 123.5 2-4 6-8 8-2-4 6-8 8-2-4 6-8 8-100.0 95.2 104.0 86.1 103.2 103.8 84.0 110.6 119.0 111.9 94.8 100.7 101.1 100.0 88.1 90.0 81.4 91.9 90.2 73.8 95.4 107.5 92.2 85.9 82.5 89.9 100.0 86.4 93.0 92.3 99.8 98.9 87.1 94.8 101.7 100.3 95.8 80.8 94.2 100.0 89.8 92.6 92.2 96.0 102.2 90.1 97.6 105.9 103.8 92.9 84.6 95.6 100.0 90.2 94.2 108.9 106.1 103.6 128.0 130.1 107.5 121.9 99.0 92.5 106.9 100.0 118.7 119.9 135.6 132.0 132.1 160.5 169.5 139.1 155.1 132.2 109.1 133.6 100.0 89.5 95.9 94.4 102.0 101.6 91.8 106.9 109.3 110.9 99.0 88.7 99.2 100.0 93.2 94.7 94.2 99.0 101.3 91.9 106.7 111.5 109.7 97.4 88.0 99.0 100.0 83.2 106.6 97.3 97.6 95.3 92.3 94.9 103.5 88.0 99.5 95.3 96.1 100.0 81.0 99.4 82.8 87.9 81.2 66.7 80.7 92.6 77.9 88.6 80.7 85.0 100.0 102.6 90.9 97.5 97.5 101.0 90.2 101.3 110.2 111.1 102.1 92.8 99.8 100.0 103.6 90.4 92.2 91.1 93.3 78.8 93.9 102.9 103.9 96.2 85.2 94.3 100.0 91.6 100.4 100.4 104.4 109.6 111.7 128.1 114.8 126.8 104.8 121.9 109.5 100.0 118.1 118.8 116.4 123.0 135.4 134.2 150.2 143.6 140.0 135.6 132.3 129.0 100.0 101.0 104.2 104.6 107.2 111.2 106.9 119.1 119.9 122.1 108.9 112.8 109.8 100.0 99.0 98.1 93.6 96.3 99.3 89.4 103.8 109.1 105.3 101.4 95.0 99.2 100.0 131.9 109.1 134.0 92.0 116.5 126.0 128.2 162.6 119.8 133.8 106.1 121.7 100.0 168.3 122.1 127.6 125.4 117.6 128.8 129.3 167.8 138.5 142.0 117.7 132.1 100.0 123.7 126.2 137.5 128.0 143.5 143.5 147.5 183.8 141.1 142.5 131.9 137.4 100.0 140.8 132.7 138.0 149.7 134.7 153.9 148.7 190.3 145.9 153.3 132.5 143.4 100.0 128.0 120.6 138.1 142.7 132.4 138.9 146.7 174.3 121.3 147.0 145.2 136.3 100.0 112.4 174.0 133.5 116.2 190.1 165.3 169.6 203.2 176.8 136.9 162.5 153.4 100.0 121.7 112.3 126.8 140.5 106.5 140.1 134.5 179.6 129.4 138.7 128.7 129.9 100.0 101.4 185.5 136.1 156.4 209.2 197.6 187.8 223.4 169.0 176.5 134.2 164.8 33101001987 21

80 1919 6 80 120 1 80 1 120 120 1 8 120 1 8 1919 7 1920 2 15) 120 1 8 2 120 1 8 1 6 1 8 1 120 1 6 1920 22

1 1919 12 1 12 12 12 2 12 1) 1970 1990 1993 2013 2) 1938 6 1967 2007 69-52004 3) 1919 1 1919 ISS Discussion Paper SeriesJ-2112013 4) 1967 4 140,141 1914 100 1920 267.7 237.1 256.2 243.5 5) 31991 6) 1 7) 2,456 1,634 147 109 3 2,056 8 3 926253 50 8) 14 23

9) 11 10) 5 153-154 11) 1919 1926 4 1914 1925 250.6 144.3 267.0 213.3 1920 4 140141 12) 1919 362-363 13) 1919 8 1 37 43 1919 8 17 1919 1 55 1 2 10 14) 2 59 82 57 73 63 95 66 96 8.6 2 8.6 10.4 4.8 2.82.0 2.51.9 15) 120 1 8 1919 6 1920 2 1 11 68 6 3 51.7 59 5.1 1920 3 12 88 6 44 50.0 55 4.3 24

1) 2) 3) 25

1 900 12% 800 11% 10% 700 9% 600 8% 500 7% 6% 400 5% 300 4% 200 3% 2% 100 1% 0 0% 1 1 4) 1910 1920 200 t 27 306 t 1933 485 t 1 1925 20kg 33 35kg 26

1930 1 1920 2 1910 1920 t / 5,000 100 (/) 4,500 90 (t) 4,000 80 (t) 3,500 70 3,000 60 2,500 50 2,000 40 1,500 30 1,000 20 500 10 0 0 1 1930 32 7 1933 3 5) 1 6) 1930 7) 2 8) 1930 27

1 9) 1909 2 10) 2 2 1 3 5 1 17.70 50.8% 9.00 100 1.64 3 549 8.5% 1.50 1 93.75g 11) 1-2 1 10 1 2 3 5 0.42 12) 10 1-2 1918 13) 1919 40 1919 3 25 22 11 28

3 3 2 1 1 1 32.6 100 4 2 2 2 1 1919 3 / 50 2.6 30.0 21.96 10.65 2.22 2.33 10.6% 5 50-100 4.1 31.4 30.10 14.33 1.87 2.32 7.7% 16 100 100 5.8 40.8 61.42 27.36 5.29 6.07 9.9% 4 4.00-5.00 2.5 4.0 32.6 33.48 15.67 2.49 2.92 8.7% 25 () 3 5 549 22 27 100 14) 1 15) 1 50 10% 1 7.5% 1.50 1.62 3 25 1 4 16) 25 1 13.7 20 4 18 3.5 16 3 14 12 2.5 10 2 16-31 8 1.5 6 13.2 1 4 2 0.5 0 0 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031 3 29

1 1.6 2 4 50 1.9 2.33 14.8 1.23 0.08 0.18 1.0 0.09 0.09 0.27 2.0 0.14 0.07 0.41 7.4 0.21 0.03 50-100 2.5 2.32 15.5 0.92 0.06 0.42 1.9 0.17 0.09 0.29 1.6 0.12 0.07 0.57 8.9 0.23 0.03 100 3.5 6.07 26.0 1.75 0.07 1.14 3.3 0.33 0.10 0.08 0.8 0.02 0.03 0.58 9.3 0.17 0.02 2.5 2.92 17.0 1.15 0.07 0.49 2.0 0.19 0.10 0.25 1.6 0.10 0.06 0.54 8.7 0.21 0.02 () 151.00.8130.5100.470.340.200.1 26(191931) 1 1 1 2 50 14.8 50 100 1 1 6.0 6.8 17) 1 3-6 4-5 4-10 5-7 5-7 6-7 1 3-6 1 1 1-2 1 10 1 3-5 1 3-5 1 4-8 2 1 1 2 1 5 1 18) 1 1 50 2 50 3 100 1 6 30

19) 5 5 1 20-30 20) 1 1 1 5 21) 22) 12 13 23) 3 12 12.0 13 15.2 50 100 7 4 11 10 25 50 - - - - - - - - - 2.0 1.42 9.0 0.71 0.08 0.20 2.0 0.10 0.05 50-100 2.3 2.28 11.9 1.00 0.08 0.69 3.1 0.30 0.10 3.3 2.81 15.7 0.84 0.05 0.89 4.1 0.27 0.06 100 3.9 3.26 12.5 0.83 0.07 1.33 3.0 0.34 0.11 5.0 5.51 16.0 1.10 0.07 0.15 0.5 0.03 0.06 2.6 2.44 12.0 0.96 0.08 0.80 3.1 0.31 0.10 3.5 3.12 15.2 0.89 0.06 0.72 3.4 0.21 0.06 () 31

1919 3 24) 1919 3 2 1920 25) 26) 4 27) 20 t 28) t - 1914 91,128 54,776 15,970 161,874 115,808 1915 49,437 60,121 19,340 128,898 75,691 1916 53,048 58,465 25,171 136,684 94,078 1917 19,807 31,402 65,349 21,857 85,156 53,259 72,556 24,840 1918 22,997 28,976 75,560 17,307 98,557 46,283 83,040 24,925 1919 26,437 30,311 87,666 17,023 114,103 47,334 95,993 28,312 1920 66,656 27,356 106,628 15,184 173,284 42,540 159,636 19,259 1921 36,096 29,476 120,723 16,402 156,819 45,878 144,899 26,660 1922 36,753 12,269 127,837 11,932 164,590 24,201 153,758 6,750 1923 9,915 10,480 122,012 11,748 131,927 22,228 121,447 9,346 1924 50,286 4,401 140,514 14,754 190,800 19,155 179,021 9,575 1925 46,240 3,883 132,897 23,004 179,137 26,887 170,436 19,484 1926 61,375 4,131 133,548 30,168 194,923 34,299 183,807 25,377 1927 49,314 6,843 122,330 34,656 171,644 41,499 160,763 34,415 1928 53,327 4,353 118,083 37,949 171,410 42,302 161,250 34,498 1929 64,064 6,379 118,093 29,484 182,157 35,863 172,992 30,685 1930 68,260 4,457 112,169 30,155 180,429 34,612 173,928 29,853 1931 76,428 8,719 112,008 32,397 188,436 41,116 179,657 35,595 1932 69,371 6,169 101,163 35,154 170,534 41,323 166,269 27,356 1933 74,616 8,143 108,105 40,518 182,721 48,661 178,056 45,013 1934 85,764 7,818 113,593 43,289 199,357 51,107 192,657 46,404 1935 84,830 9,185 114,646 42,235 199,476 51,420 193,567 43,995 1923 32

1921 3,148 29) 30) 1920 50 2.3 27.78 12.08 9.61 4.18 12.23 5.32 2.38 1.04 1.41 0.61 2.20 0.96 1.33 0.58 50100 2.8 36.10 13.12 12.75 4.63 15.19 5.52 3.48 1.26 2.16 0.79 2.89 1.05 1.45 0.53 100150 3.2 42.39 13.28 13.61 4.26 17.63 5.52 4.10 1.28 2.61 0.82 3.45 1.08 1.61 0.51 150 3.5 50.19 14.42 19.41 5.58 19.20 5.52 6.95 2.00 2.30 0.66 2.92 0.84 1.86 0.53 1 1920 1921 3 5 31) 1 1 1 5 50 20 32) 1922 4 10 33) 1920 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 ()192123-1922124 33

4 1921 2 22 1 34) 1 1 5 35) 1922 11 () 6 36) 1 5 80 2.8 34.84 12.59 12.58 4.55 14.15 5.12 3.11 1.12 1.52 0.55 3.75 1.36 1.03 0.37 80-100 3.2 38.91 12.27 14.41 4.55 15.87 5.01 3.88 1.22 1.56 0.49 4.11 1.30 1.15 0.36 100-150 3.4 41.88 12.15 15.17 4.40 16.90 4.90 4.22 1.22 1.81 0.53 4.20 1.22 1.43 0.41 150-200 3.9 50.17 12.86 17.83 4.57 20.02 5.13 5.57 1.43 2.46 0.63 4.47 1.15 2.16 0.55 200-250 4.0 60.31 15.12 18.94 4.75 23.02 5.77 5.42 1.36 2.94 0.74 5.82 1.46 1.77 0.44 250 4.8 71.86 14.88 29.52 6.11 25.06 5.19 5.82 1.20 2.40 0.50 5.81 1.20 2.74 0.57 ) 80 2.5 32.02 12.86 11.93 4.79 12.64 5.08 3.00 1.20 1.93 0.78 3.56 1.43 1.07 0.43 80-100 2.8 39.68 13.94 12.61 4.43 16.41 5.76 4.28 1.50 2.71 0.95 3.91 1.37 1.17 0.41 100-150 3.1 43.89 13.97 13.41 4.27 19.44 6.19 4.72 1.50 3.30 1.05 4.56 1.45 1.49 0.47 150-200 3.7 52.98 14.36 15.68 4.25 21.76 5.90 5.29 1.43 4.70 1.27 4.99 1.35 1.71 0.46 200-250 4.2 67.42 16.01 17.60 4.18 31.53 7.49 8.79 2.09 6.54 1.55 6.11 1.45 2.98 0.71 250 4.6 67.12 14.57 16.47 3.58 32.47 7.05 9.46 2.05 7.00 1.52 6.16 1.34 2.46 0.53 700.5660.70.5600.90.7171.00.815 0.9 0.8130.80.7110.70.680.650.52 0.400.3 34

100 5 200 7 37) 38) 1920 1920 1926 100 1930 80.91931 69.5 1926 1 44kg 1932 32kg 39) 5 1 25 (93.75g) 1 2-4 1931 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 35

80 2.4 25.09 10.54 7.86 3.30 9.24 3.88 2.29 0.96 1.12 0.47 2.09 0.88 0.92 0.38 80-100 2.4 28.55 12.03 7.92 3.34 9.95 4.19 2.30 0.97 1.33 0.56 2.15 0.91 1.03 0.43 100-120 2.6 31.34 12.22 8.08 3.15 11.44 4.46 2.85 1.11 1.67 0.65 2.35 0.92 1.11 0.43 120 2.8 37.22 13.23 9.31 3.31 13.81 4.91 3.65 1.30 2.26 0.80 2.72 0.97 1.34 0.48 80 2.1 24.30 11.31 6.46 3.01 9.11 4.24 2.15 1.00 1.38 0.64 2.01 0.93 0.90 0.42 80-100 2.4 27.08 11.50 7.01 2.98 12.91 5.48 2.40 1.02 1.62 0.69 2.15 0.91 0.98 0.42 100-120 2.2 28.86 12.95 6.85 3.07 10.85 4.87 2.59 1.16 1.95 0.88 2.21 0.99 1.01 0.45 120 2.3 33.01 14.07 7.00 2.98 10.97 4.67 2.62 1.12 1.95 0.83 1.96 0.83 1.07 0.45 211.00.9151.00.9110.880.450.52 0.400.2 40) 1932-33 () 7 1 41) 1930 42) 1934 8,500 143 666 1 1921 3,148 203 787 1 43) 3,000 44) 1935 45) 36

1934 9 1 5 46) 1920 47) 1) 1949 19 1965 1 1971 1972 1991 2009 2) 1939 37

61967 1921-40No.2522008 12 1951 25-26 11952 7 26-29 3) 11961 69 5 2004 1952 1 38 1952 4) 2008 6 5) 25-26 26-29 6) 1927 33 1933 2.4 100 t 7) 1917 3 13 199-202 8) 1922 3 109 1 1-2 1 50 1922 3 83 9) 10 10 11 9 35 10) 42 2 338 1909 4 198-202 11) 1 25 1938 3 31 12) 1 1982 204-205 13) -1914-37 61989 21-23 14) 24 12 100 6 107 15) 1934 41 16) 4 3 50 1 100 2007 7-13 2013 211-246 17) 1 3-7 6-7 1 5 7-15 18) 1919 117 19) 436 1919 1 9 126-127 20) 1993 76 ) 38

21) 100 1 47 6 15.46 22) 1920 28-29 165-169 23) ( 75-76 78 ) 24) 27 10 5 1 29 3 53 25) 1985 100 26) 1935 97-163 27) 28) 363 29) 54 1921 10 4 30) 1928 67-68 31) 1923 7 3-6 12 32) 1922 7 3 33) 1922 4 24 34) 35) 1928 30-31 36) 9 10 1980 38-40 37) 42-43 38) ((4) 1929 7 25 ) 39) 337 40) 1933 2 11 41) 1933 1 ()() () 10 ( 1933 1 15 1933 1 18 ) 42) 1930 10 31 41-42 39

43) 54 1921 10 4 44) 1929 3,337 9,000 200 1929 5 7 45) 1936 9 10 ~ 40 2010 1 4 10 100 200 79 3 2013 115-134 46) 1934 9 22 9 5 10 63 47) 3 2002 220-221 40

1919 1) 1919 2) 3) 4) 1919 5) 1919 41

1 2 1919 85 6) 1 1 1 1 7) 2 8) 19211925 5 1 18.0kg1 1 52.1g1 1 201.3cal 8.1kg22.2g28.9cal 2.1kg 5.7g7.1cal 19311935 5 14.7kg 40.4g153.5cal10.3kg28.3g36.7cal2.3kg6.0g8.0cal 10 192125 193135 1 142.8kg140.6kg79.9kg80.6kg53.4kg46.5kg 1 1 50g 9) 23 1919 42

10) 11) 1 12) 13) 14) 15) 1919 16) 17) 1918 1919 1 18) 19) 80 20) 1 40 21) 95 22) 1 2 19 95 23) 5 43

5 1919 3 24) 25) 2 1-81-141-8 1-9 1-12 2-132-14 2-132-14 2 26) 27) 44

28 21 48.00 0.30 48.30 20.29 0.76 1.98 7.04 30.07 6 13 35 24 2 47.50 0.00 47.50 15.56 2.25 3.14 12.65 33.60 7 16 40 33 11 8 2 1 55.00 28.00 83.00 17.42 6.30 2.23 24.39 50.34 15 11 n.a. n.a. n.a. 11 7 2/28 72.50 25.15 97.65 3.45 3.52 6.09 18.78 31.84 5 1 51 42 n.a. 82 61.40 0.00 61.40 12.16 2.25 1.68 12.30 28.39 5 23 1 4 1 48 30 20.29 0.76 1.98 7.04 20 15 1 70% 3 6 12 21 4 1 20 20 1918 12 1 40 59 28) 5 20 1 40 29) 1 2 1 2 3 20 2 3 29 10 1 2025 45

1 5 2 25 2 10 35 3 33 0 4 0 5 4 24 7 6 100 7 56 8 29 9 2 16 23 10 1 455 20 2 10 6 11 24 12 3 10 37 13 3 15 _ 12 14 30 15 50 15 1 35 79 16 1 17 14 17 20 7 107 18 81 19 0 20 4 32 56 2 21 1 435 50 60 2 22 10 60 3 27 39 2 23 106 2 24 1 18 20 2 25 4 36 39 2 26 7 42 5 25 62 2 27 80 29 2 28 1 30 16 2 29 1 435 130 2 30 27 31 10 60 1 23 16 9 1,556 7 225 16 314 1,265 2 1 2 30) 1919 4 6 55 10 18 3 1 1 3 46

1 452 49 2 32 89 1 3 31 85 4 4 18 43 5 23 14 164 6 59 7 20 63 8 79 9 5 71 10 80 30 11 500 18 88 12 15 82 13 57 14 41 15 148 16 20 50 17 35 43 18 150 114 1 19 300 20 24 20 56 21 51 60 11 22 24 20 48 23 1 27 105 26 32 24 320 5 60 25 105 26 120 31 1 27 5 80 28 20 20 111 29 20 109 30 30 343 31 55 10 25 545 12 1,742 15 630 11 223 2,439 4 12 3 18 21 31 18 1 10 21 31 3 12 1 2 28 5 72.50 5 45 4 10 13.5 45 3040 25.15 19 3 3.15 47

1 3.52 1.82 1.6 10 6.09 1 3 29 11 3 5 7 11 13 17 1627 1 30 12 1 14 14 13 31 16 2 2 182 3 5 61.4 1 34 5 4 1 2 4 46 1 3 56 5 3 48

1919 3 5 5 1) 2) 52 1933 25 75 6 1982 3) 40 2006 182 2011 16 2013 4) 2013 129 5) 6) 1919 ISS Discussion Paper SeriesJ-2112013 7) 7 1971 8) 1976 2 3 1939 9) 1 1 1925 55 1 =3.75g 123140g 49

50g 10) 1919 11 15 1914 6 100 1919 9 309 269 11) 1919 6 4 12) 1919 5 1 1919 10 31 13) 1919 11 21 14) 2011 63 15) 1922 150-152 178 16) 17) 6 1970 2004 18) 1949 218 1967 293296-297 19) 1968 99-100 20) 21) 1971 105 22) 117 97 23) 24) 25) 1933 110-119 26) 5 3 1984 258-265332-334 1939 169 27) 192030 No.322009 86-87 28) 15 1921 5-6 29) 1928 119 30) 2006 50

1970 1) 2) 51

3) 4) 5) 2 6) 7) 1 2 1 8) 191221 192231 193140 3.8 4.9 5.6 1 7.06 8.06 8.19 52

kg kg/ 1920 3.6 4.9 1.5 0.5 0.002 0.28 0.40 0.82 0.99 15.8 1926 2.6 5.1 1.9 0.9 0.004 0.24 0.39 0.38 0.45 19.2 1931 1.9 3.2 2.4 0.8 0.010 0.20 0.25 0.27 0.35 13.6 1936 2.0 3.0 3.0 0.9 0.029 0.24 0.27 0.32 0.40 10.1 59 4 1 1 9) 10) 1920 1936 1 16.4kg 9.9kg 14.3kg 12.3kg 11) 12) 13) 1925 30 5% 3 211 14) 119200.4kg 1926 0.6kg1930 0.6kg1936 0.7kg 1920 1.8kg 1926 2.7kg1930 2.8kg1936 3.5kg 15) 1920 53

16) 1908 17) 1 1920 1936 1 0.2g 2.9g 1920 1920 1,413 1930 1,414 1940 1,384 18) 1920 131 1930 159 1940 329 1920 144 1930 210 1940 421 19) 384 1 12 20) 518 573 1 12 54

21 15 15 1515 52 16 4 52 53 16 14 4 6 53 14 6 54 14 68 54 14 68 H 5 1 55 12 48 5 1 55 12 48 56 12 6 56 57 12 26 6-57 58 26 2-44 58 52 2 11 44 3 2 52 11 3 2 53 5 3 1 53 5 3 1 54 15 7 54 15 7 M 4 1 55 8 6 4 1 55 8 6 56 95 5 56 95 5 57 12 3 57 12 3 58 6 4 58 6 4 55 14 14 55 14 14 56 14 14 56 14 14 57 14 14 57 14 14 T 5 2 58 14 14 5 2 58 14 14 59 14 14 59 14 14 510 14 14 510 14 14 511 14 14 511 14 14 54 13 7 54 13 7 55 12 6 55 12 6 56 11 7 1 56 11 7 M1 5 0 57 13-5 0 57 13-58 11 6 58 11 6 59 13 6 59 13 6 510 13 65 510 13 65 53 1 15 53 1 15 54 1 1 54 1 1 55 15 75 2 55 15 75 M2 4 0 56 15 75 4 0 56 15 75 57 15 75 2 57 15 75 2 58 1 15 58 1 15 59 15 75 59 15 75 : 1 401 5 68 2 H M 1 3 55

21) 401 372 92 1 7.83kg1 22.5g 1 4.5kg 229 1 12.1L1 32.5mL 1932 3 6 7.8 380 1,272 1,651 5 1 2 4 64 52 81 11 7.5 742 91 832 11 0 5 6 23 36 28 7.4 409 28 437 25 3 11 17 19 6.0 216 32 248 11 8 5 14 22) 1921 6 1922 5 12 4 5 1929 9 9 94 95 6 2.0 0.9 1.8 0.7 96 7 1.7 1.2 1.8 1.2 97 1922 8 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.2 98 9 1.9 0.9 1.9 0.7 99 10 2.1 0.9 2.0 0.7 910 11 1.9 0.8 2.2 0.6 911 12 2.7 2.7 2.8 1.8 912 1 2.1 1.3 1.8 1.0 913 1923 2 1.8 0.7 1.9 0.6 914 3 1.9 0.8 2.3 0.6 915 4 1.9 0.7 2.0 0.7 5 2.0 0.8 2.1 0.7 56

100 2.5 0.46 18% 0.74 29% 0.57 23% 0.76 30% 2.6 0.49 19% 0.76 30% 0.58 23% 0.74 29% 2.6 0.46 18% 0.75 29% 0.58 22% 0.79 31% 2.3 0.41 18% 0.64 28% 0.52 23% 0.69 31% 2.6 0.51 20% 0.80 31% 0.61 23% 0.68 26% 23) 2.6 0.52 20% 0.81 31% 0.60 23% 0.69 26% 2.5 0.49 20% 0.76 30% 0.63 25% 0.62 25% 1932919338 1934 710 1935 14 1 1.4 78.817.316.5 24) 25) 1932 9 1933 8 1 50 6 26) 27) 28) 2 192627 1931 7 19261927 1931 19261927 120139 8099 1931 57

1 19261927 60-79 80-99 100-119 120-139 140-159 160-179 180-199 124.34 69.64 86.12 103.28 120.25 132.81 152.78 165.96 (a) 40.61 26.43 31.58 36.26 40.22 43.12 48.02 49.88 (b) 3.46 2.43 2.85 3.08 3.47 3.59 3.97 4.27 b/a 8.5% 9.2% 9.0% 8.5% 8.6% 8.3% 8.3% 8.6% 1 1.08 0.95 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.10 1.10 1.20 91.38 67.66 82.23 97.93 112.11 128.46 142.08 154.54 (a) 36.33 30.41 34.53 37.35 41.43 46.71 48.57 49.20 (b) 3.08 2.68 2.96 3.12 3.41 3.85 3.86 4.05 b/a 8.5% 8.8% 8.6% 8.4% 8.2% 8.2% 7.9% 8.2% 1 0.97 0.91 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.03 1.03 1.09 2 1931 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109 82.46 55.73 61.19 69.16 75.55 82.81 99.91 (a) 26.34 20.56 21.92 23.63 24.95 26.56 29.85 (b) 2.42 2.13 2.06 2.25 2.31 2.42 2.67 b/a 9.2% 10.4% 9.4% 9.5% 9.3% 9.1% 8.9% 0.83 0.74 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.82 0.89 73.08 51.33 58.73 65.75 75.7 81.65 94.62 (a) 25.83 20.67 22.34 24.07 26.54 28.76 30.2 (b) 2.31 1.87 2.12 2.25 2.46 2.42 2.5 b/a 8.9% 9.0% 9.5% 9.3% 9.3% 8.4% 8.3% 0.74 0.61 0.72 0.74 0.79 0.75 0.76 3 1936 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109 88.37 57.89 62.17 67.38 77.15 85.9 102.1 (a) 30.66 22.8 25.22 26.12 28.52 30.01 33.57 (b) 2.65 2.03 2.18 2.38 2.47 2.6 2.87 b/a 8.6% 8.9% 8.6% 9.1% 8.7% 8.7% 8.5% 0.90 0.85 0.82 0.86 0.85 0.89 0.95 79.17 52.37 59.96 68.09 76.06 83.56 95.4 (a) 30.99 24.65 27.12 28.14 30.04 32.41 34.59 (b) 2.25 2.17 2.45 2.37 2.42 2.66 2.75 b/a 9.2% 8.8% 9.0% 8.4% 8.1% 8.2% 8.0% 0.71 0.69 0.87 0.78 0.80 0.86 0.86 1920 10 4 8,087 15,284 1929 2 1921 7 100 105 131 85 29) 8 7 1936 58

30) /kg 1920 0.28 0.40 0.82 1921 0.22 0.36 0.52 1922 0.22 0.34 0.44 1923 0.24 0.45 0.47 1924 0.24 0.43 0.43 1925 0.25 0.43 0.42 1926 0.24 0.39 0.38 1927 0.23 0.38 0.37 1928 0.23 0.35 0.35 1 1929 0.23 0.32 0.35 1930 0.21 0.30 0.32 1931 0.20 0.25 0.27 1932 0.21 0.27 0.32 1933 0.21 0.27 0.32 31) 1934 0.21 0.25 0.30 1935 0.21 0.25 0.30 1936 0.24 0.27 0.32 32) 9 16 7079 80 89 9099 110119 120129 5 100109 110119 120129 3 2 1 6 1920 4.7 1925 4.5 1930 4.7 1935 4.8 33) 70-79 80-89 90-99 110119 120129 100-109 110119 120129 2.9 5.9 3.7 6.9 2.1 7.0 3.0 5.0 2.2 4.3 1.9 5.0 2.0 4.2 2.4 6.0 2.06 1.65 1.8 2.56 2.18 2.51 2.58 2.66 2.15 3.45 1.86 2.54 2.02 2.26 1.94 2.77 17% 34% 22% 22% 6% 15% 31% 25% 26% 21% 17% 17% 20% 18% 34% 17% 32% 27% 35% 31% 26% 29% 21% 38% 18% 24% 27% 26% 24% 35% 30% 22% 27% 22% 26% 25% 22% 30% 10% 13% 20% 29% 19% 25% 13% 16% 18% 23% 25% 18% 17% 22% 46% 26% 38% 24% 37% 26% 37% 31% 43% 31% 19% 38% 1 0.72 0.28 0.49 0.37 1.04 0.36 0.86 0.54 0.97 0.80 1.01 0.51 1.04 0.54 0.80 0.46 0.12 0.10 0.11 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.27 0.13 0.25 0.16 0.17 0.09 0.21 0.10 0.27 0.08 0.23 0.07 0.17 0.12 0.27 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.17 0.19 0.27 0.13 0.25 0.19 0.24 0.10 0.19 0.06 0.13 0.09 0.22 0.11 0.09 0.07 0.19 0.23 0.19 0.13 0.13 0.09 0.14 0.11 0.18 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.48 0.09 0.33 0.13 0.36 0.21 0.37 0.16 0.45 0.17 0.15 0.17 6 59

34) 5 1922 8111929 1,2751936 1,368 35) 1929 647 1,231 36) 37) 1924 681930 751936 40 38) 2 1920 43.2 9.2 1925 77.3 16.4 1930 90.7 19.0 1935 108.3 22.5 39) 1919 5 40) 1923 1928 14 1920 1929 34 1937 1 14 91 101 () 10 1926 1920 1930 60

1 1926 0.55 0.40 0.48 0.69 0.67 1927 0.49 0.31 0.42 0.59 0.63 1928 0.48 0.31 0.42 0.60 0.60 1929 0.48 0.32 0.68 0.42 0.64 0.59 0.98 0.73 41) 1930 0.36 0.26 0.60 0.28 0.51 0.53 0.84 0.67 1931 1933 0.31 0.33 0.24 0.27 0.53 0.52 0.26 0.30 0.40 0.41 0.56 0.45 0.67 0.59 0.56 0.55 1932 1934 0.30 0.30 0.25 0.25 0.51 0.55 0.26 0.28 0.37 0.39 0.47 0.39 0.63 0.59 0.52 0.54 1935 0.32 0.24 0.69 0.31 0.41 0.43 0.63 0.58 1936 0.35 0.31 0.67 0.32 0.42 0.45 0.62 0.57 ( 13.75kg11.8039 42) 1886 43) 1926 324 341936 437 33 1 44) 1926 4.2 241936 5.5 26 1 1928 4 163 45) 1940 11 155 46) 11 1932 1 A B a a/a B/A b b/b 19261-4 64,684 - - 51,091 81% - 65% 1930 338,480 251,416 74% 285,044 84% 234,760 82% 1937 308,467 275,879 89% 242,384 79% 234,306 97% 2 C 47) D c c/c D/C d d/d 19261-4 107 - - 87 79% - - 1930 524 324 62% 450 86% 316 70% 1937 188 148 79% 188 100% 148 100% 13.75kg1180.3919261419301937 19263.44 61

48) 1 78 23 49) 1930 21 50) 2 51) 1925 1930 1937 52) 3 () 53) () 54) 14 9 1925 55) 56) 62

1) 1975 2) 1990 3) 3 1969 87-116 4) 1998 5) 1 133,134 6) 1981 1 35kg 23kg 1986 63

7) 2008 54-59 8) 1967 15-18,49-52,61-66 9) 8-12 10) 1926 3 11) 1985 139 12) 2008 174-177 1960 205 14) 1926 5 15) 281941 1925 16) 70-72 17) 1952 7-33 18) 1920 1930 1949 19) 1979 20) 1929 137,139,150 21) 1922 97 22) 1925 23) 1929 27-38 24) 8 4 14 10 25) 1920 59,60 26) 1934 11 27) 2002 112-114120-121 28) 1931 29) 1930 17-21 30) 21-30 31) 3-55 32) 1936 2 33) 34) 40 35) 36) 2-30 37) 1 1921 39-40 38) 39) 40) 1937 1-3954-596994125-137 64

41) 1920 42) 39-40 43) 1979 540-541 44) 45) 1928 46) 47) 2014 11 14 48) 49) 4-15 50) 51) 52) 53) 1931 34-35 54) 4-15 55) 56) 544 65

192030 1) 2) 1 3) 4) 5) 67

6) 7) 1 2 3 2 1 1 1880 100 1920 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 1 50 0 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 6 1967 1 1880100193436100 2 68

1920 1920 1930 100 20 1930 2 1 1 1880 8) 1890 1920 1 3 0.250.35 3 0.500 1,000 0.450 0.400 0.350 900 800 700 0.300 600 0.250 500 0.200 400 0.150 300 0.100 200 0.050 100 0.000 0 40-44 10 19722 1988 187581187679187680187680187581 187681 69

6 =0.36 1 1 1 9) 1 0.35 / 1 10) 1 1920 2 1920 2 1920 1930 1 0.15 1 11) 1 1920 1920 1 10 1927 7 1917 10 2 1 40 12) 1920 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 1900100 8 1967 135-149 100 100 70

1900 92.91930 76.9 3 1900 100 100 1910 100 20 1920 13) 1920 1920 1 1920 2 1 1926 60 50 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200-60 -80-100 -120-140 -160-180 -200 4,785 200 733 1,223 912 688 405 249 178 197 102.23 52.59 67.96 83.04 99.42 115.54 130.79 148.57 162.94 193.56 37.74 26.25 29.80 33.92 37.04 40.92 44.79 48.24 49.70 56.21 6.90 3.84 4.78 5.97 6.63 7.65 8.91 9.49 10.20 12.06 2.37 1.56 1.73 2.21 2.35 2.68 3.06 2.94 2.82 3.06 36.9% 49.9% 43.8% 40.8% 37.3% 35.4% 34.2% 32.5% 30.5% 29.0% 18.3% 14.6% 16.0% 17.6% 17.9% 18.7% 19.9% 19.7% 20.5% 21.5% 34.3% 40.6% 36.2% 37.0% 35.4% 35.0% 34.3% 31.0% 27.6% 25.4% 71

60 40.6% 200 25.4 100 2.5180 1.8 2 1,575 124.34 3,210 91.38 670 96.39 1 4.17 40.61 4.21 36.33 5.83 44.01 7.70 6.51 4.33 1.98 2.56 1.90 / 1.6% 2.8% 2.0% / 25.7% 39.3% 43.9% / 4.9% 7.0% 4.3% 32.7% 39.8% 45.7% / 19.0% 17.9% 9.8% / 25.7 39.3 43.9 193140 3 14) 1931333537 193137 // 18.117.9 / 1931 2.0% 5.9% 24.9% 34.1% 23.8% 22.611.0 1933 1.8% 5.3% 24.0% 34.1% 22.1% 1930 1935 1.7% 4.6% 23.6% 37.6% 19.5% 1937 1.6% 4.0% 21.5% 38.7% 18.8% 1931 1.6% 4.9% 20.4% 31.9% 24.1% 1933 1.3% 4.1% 18.7% 31.2% 22.1% 1935 1.3% 3.7% 18.4% 34.4% 20.3% 1937 1.2% 3.3% 16.8% 35.8% 19.8% 1931 2.3% 6.4% 27.2% 35.3% 23.6% 1933 2.1% 5.9% 26.9% 35.9% 22.1% 1935 2.0% 5.0% 26.3% 39.5% 19.1% 1937 1.8% 4.4% 24.2% 40.4% 18.3% 2 15) 72

16) 17) 193233 4 /2.8/8.0 /32.3 1.54.5 20.61.54.9 21.6 169.56 175.91 155.55 143.24 183.28 150.60 87.36 89.91 81.71 79.14 90.58 75.76 2.1 29.11 30.18 26.75 26.29 27.85 26.47 6.94 7.35 6.06 5.79 6.30 6.53 6.325.9 1.74 1.90 1.39 1.19 1.36 2.11 2.0% 2.1% 1.7% 1.5% 1.5% 2.8% 6.0% 6.3% 5.2% 4.5% 4.9% 8.0% 25.1% 25.9% 22.9% 20.6% 21.6% 32.3% 1934 1 1 67.9 39.7 25.4 2.97.429.0 5 1 1 41.6 49.7 99 88 55 73

1574 4.03 3.01 1243 517 79 9 11 266 27 116 612 100% 41.6% 6.4% 0.7% 0.9% 21.4% 2.2% 9.3% 100.0% 640 4.01 3.02 1247 511 81 8 10 277 28 117 604 100% 41.0% 6.5% 0.6% 0.8% 22.2% 2.2% 9.4% 100.0% 381 3.97 2.94 1266 522 82 10 13 272 28 122 623 100% 41.2% 6.5% 0.8% 1.0% 21.5% 2.2% 9.6% 100.0% 293 4.47 3.33 1226 511 76 10 12 260 20 123 615 100% 41.7% 6.2% 0.8% 1.0% 21.2% 1.6% 10.0% 100.0% 260 3.71 2.75 1214 534 74 8 7 251 29 96 6609 100% 44.0% 6.1% 0.7% 0.6% 20.7% 2.4% 7.9% 100.0% 3210 4.05 3.00 1262 568 75 7 6 260 38 86 642 100% 45.0% 5.9% 0.6% 0.5% 20.6% 3.0% 6.8% 100.0% 2028 4.02 2.98 1236 554 75 7 6 252 33 88 624 100% 44.8% 6.1% 0.6% 0.5% 20.4% 2.7% 7.1% 100.0% 447 4.45 3.27 1483 629 87 6 4 336 62 79 746 100% 42.4% 5.9% 0.4% 0.3% 22.7% 4.2% 5.3% 100.0% 416 3.68 2.67 1226 545 69 8 8 259 35 97 621 100% 44.5% 5.6% 0.7% 0.7% 21.1% 2.9% 7.9% 100.0% 319 4.26 3.22 1135 586 64 7 4 202 37 65 619 100% 51.6% 5.6% 0.6% 0.4% 17.8% 3.3% 5.7% 100.0% 670 5.84 4.63 1468 730 49 3 3 371 27 60 811 100% 49.7% 3.3% 0.2% 0.2% 25.3% 1.8% 4.1% 100.0% 132 5.93 4.74 1492 737 46 3 4 394 28 61 818 100% 49.4% 3.1% 0.2% 0.3% 26.4% 1.9% 4.1% 100.0% 330 5.96 4.73 1471 725 48 3 3 366 27 67 813 100% 49.3% 3.3% 0.2% 0.2% 24.9% 1.8% 4.6% 100.0% 208 5.61 4.41 1444 733 52 2 1 363 26 49 803 100% 50.8% 3.6% 0.1% 0.1% 25.1% 1.8% 3.4% 100.0% 68 21 47 22 493 2506 11.1% 3.4% 7.7% 3.6% 80.6% 68 21 47 22 488 2487 11.3% 3.5% 7.8% 3.6% 80.8% 70 23 47 24 502 2564 11.2% 3.7% 7.5% 3.9% 80.6% 68 21 47 22 489 2486 11.1% 3.4% 7.6% 3.6% 79.5% 66 19 47 20 496 2494 10.8% 3.1% 7.7% 3.3% 81.4% 72 20 52 20 521 2614 11.2% 3.1% 8.1% 3.1% 81.2% 68 19 49 20 508 2549 10.9% 3.0% 7.9% 3.2% 81.4% 97 23 74 19 589 2992 13.0% 3.1% 9.9% 2.5% 79.0% 67 19 48 20 508 2546 10.8% 3.1% 7.7% 3.2% 81.8% 63 17 46 18 514 2532 10.2% 2.7% 7.4% 2.9% 83.0% 98 13 85 18 658 3265 12.1% 1.6% 10.5% 2.2% 81.1% 98 13 85 17 667 3294 12.0% 1.6% 10.4% 2.1% 81.5% 100 13 87 18 657 3273 12.3% 1.6% 10.7% 2.2% 80.8% 96 13 83 17 654 3233 12.0% 1.6% 10.3% 2.1% 81.4% 1931 8.07.03.7 371 25.3 266 21.4 260 20.6 38 3.0 27 2.227 1.8 74

1.6 62 4.2 116 9.3 1 3,265kcal 2,506kcal 2,614kcal 2,992kcal 1 1 6 7 1520 5 18) 6 82.80 40.05 21.77 3.79 4.53 6.31 3.71 0.89 1.71 48.4% 15.8% 4.48% 58.8% 54.4% 66.64 34.52 19.95 3.28 3.42 4.84 2.74 0.83 1.27 51.8% 14.0% 4.11% 56.6% 57.8% 76.05 36.38 20.69 3.24 3.78 5.16 2.55 1.05 1.56 47.8% 14.2% 3.35% 49.4% 56.9% 77.08 37.68 21.03 3.51 4.05 5.62 3.14 0.92 1.56 48.9% 14.9% 4.07% 55.9% 55.8% 84.29 41.07 22.41 2.95 4.29 7.48 3.80 0.86 2.82 48.7% 18.2% 4.51% 50.8% 54.6% 78.67 42.15 22.16 4.33 4.17 6.84 3.85 1.06 1.93 53.6% 16.2% 4.89% 56.3% 52.6% 73.69 34.69 20.07 3.42 3.92 4.45 2.62 0.89 0.94 47.1% 12.8% 3.56% 58.9% 57.9% 1926 / / / / / 75

/ / / / 84 4.31 3.25 70.39 33.82 6.11 2.74 48.0% 18.1% 3.9% 44.8% 82 4.91 3.63 78.30 38.76 7.44 3.18 49.5% 19.2% 4.1% 42.7% 103 4.49 3.30 75.42 38.43 7.52 2.94 51.0% 19.6% 3.9% 39.1% 92 4.21 3.08 77.23 34.96 6.97 3.32 45.3% 19.9% 4.3% 47.6% 86 4.55 3.52 67.42 32.79 4.83 2.05 48.6% 14.7% 3.0% 42.4% 1929 / 6090 4.790 3.6 19) 20) / / 8 / / / / / 96.39 44.01 4.33 1.90 2.0% 4.3% 45.7% 9.8% 43.9% 109.66 45.97 4.81 2.10 1.9% 4.6% 41.9% 10.5% 43.7% 100.63 44.87 4.43 1.89 1.9% 4.2% 44.6% 9.9% 42.7% 81.26 41.40 3.88 1.79 2.2% 4.3% 50.9% 9.4% 46.1% -60 59.79 30.03 2.85 1.23 2.1% 4.1% 50.2% 9.5% 43.2% -80 75.81 38.58 3.57 1.50 2.0% 3.9% 50.9% 9.3% 42.0% -100 93.05 43.39 4.38 1.89 2.0% 4.4% 46.6% 10.1% 43.2% -120 107.67 48.82 4.59 2.04 1.9% 4.2% 45.3% 9.4% 44.4% -140 126.28 54.53 5.01 2.36 1.9% 4.3% 43.2% 9.2% 47.1% -160 138.88 55.94 6.13 2.69 1.9% 4.8% 40.3% 11.0% 43.9% -180 140.09 57.49 6.61 3.16 2.3% 5.5% 41.0% 11.5% 47.8% -200 139.32 51.28 5.45 2.16 1.6% 4.2% 36.8% 10.6% 39.6% 200-169.48 61.42 7.82 3.26 1.9% 5.3% 36.2% 12.7% 41.7% 111.61 55.84 4.31 2.23 2.0% 4.0% 50.0% 7.7% 51.7% 113.13 49.13 5.21 2.11 1.9% 4.3% 43.4% 10.6% 40.5% 92.25 44.91 3.69 1.41 1.5% 3.1% 48.7% 8.2% 38.2% 96.90 44.52 6.03 2.37 2.4% 5.3% 45.9% 13.5% 39.3% 86.32 35.90 3.55 1.15 1.3% 3.2% 41.6% 9.9% 32.4% 100.65 43.27 3.85 1.66 1.6% 3.8% 43.0% 8.9% 43.1% 81.15 38.94 4.12 2.39 2.9% 6.1% 48.0% 10.6% 58.0% 89.49 39.58 4.65 2.12 2.4% 5.4% 44.2% 11.7% 45.6% 98.79 44.80 3.38 1.31 1.3% 2.9% 45.3% 7.5% 38.8% 76

/ 5 1 3,200kcal 1 1 1kcal2 21) 230 3 11 22) 1898 32 23) 24) 25) 8 1.3 1/ 3.59 2.62 1.66 1.75 1.66 1.88 1/ 3.77 2.76 1.75 1.87 1.78 2.01 1.21 2.58 2.05 2.78 1.91 0.59 1.52 3.14 2.64 2.67 1.82 0.51 2.1 0.4 0.5 3.00 0.6 --- 0.95 0.21 0.21 1.29 0.24 --- 2.9 2 9 77

26) 3 1920 89.5% 7.1% 2.5% 0.3% 27) 52.1% 40.4% 3.4% 3.5% 84.7% 9.8% 2.7% 2.2% 95.8% 0.1% 3.1% 0.3% 80.5% 14.3% 3.0% 1.6% 1930 40.4 52.1 10 1926 516 1932 353 28) 67 29) 78

30) 192931 3 31) 1920 4 1917 1906 32) 1938 13 4 1930 2 33) 34) 1922 111927 2 20 25 79

35) 192030 36) 1920 80

1) 2) 6 1967 16 1 3) 1999 4) 1993 1939 5) 2003 6) / 2008 143 7) 8) 200 1996 9) / / /1977 60 10) 11) 100 1 141 12) 155-156 175 20 13) 192030 No.322009 14) 15) / 1930 23 1937 1 28 16) 50 100 60 1 100 34 48 17) 1931 9 32 8 93 1 1,166 18) 6 7 / / 19) 1926 XXV-XXVI 20) 1933 81

21) 6 79 22) 1956 12-14 23) 237 24) 1996 250 25) 20 620 1934 4 NHK 2006 171 26) 1939 7-8 27) 40 1 2 2006 28) 1982 182-184 29) 1989 197-188 30) 2 13 31) 32 10 1937 10 2 32) 1985 61-62 33) 1933 8 30 80 2006 88 46 192731 5 4 27 1930 34) 1920 2010 1930 5 35) 36) 1938 6 8 JSPS 20619192 82

2 1 1) 1 1880 1 1910 20 2) 21898 1916 83

8 18801 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1880 90 1900 10 20 30 6 1967 8 1967 1 18801 2 193436100 3) 1920 6.2 1925 7.4 1930 12.4 4) 1920 5) 1 2 31920 1 1 1910 20 2 84

kg kg 7000 7,000 6000 6,000 5000 5,000 4000 4,000 3000 3,000 2000 2,000 1000 1,000 0 1905 15 25 35 19371937 1 1940 2 1920 1 6) 7) 1884 1879 600 1903 10,000 8) 1 2 3 1890 1894 85

9) 1 10) 11) 1907 51,556 12) 1899 13) 2 14) 2 1 15) 1920 1 1924 13 41,340 1920 53,850 1925 270,000 1930 350,000 1898 10,000 150,000 1900 1902 28,160 1920 53,850 1922 11 30,000 270,000 1925 1924 13 41,340 350,000 1930 837 200133 1916 16) 1 86

kg 10,000 17) 3 8,000 1920 6,000 1920 4,000 2,000 0 1900 10 20 30 18) 1920 19) 2 4 1920 1923 157.6 1929 46.4 52.2 125.1 20) 1920 30 20 250 0.18 1935 0.16 58.1 200 0.14 0.12 1923 35.9 150 0.10 1929 104.7 0.08 100 1935 205.0 0.06 50 0 0.04 0.02 0.00 1904 09 14 19 24 29 34 1920 1937 193436100 87

20 1920 3 1920 21) 1910 22) 2 23) 2 1926 60 1.8 3.0 4.8 60-80 1.6 2.5 4.1 45 200 1.6 0.9 2.5 60 94 1 7 1 13.4 200 1 81 18 10.1-60 60-80- 100-120- 140-160- 180-80 100 120 140 160 180 200 200-4,785 200 733 1,213 912 688 405 249 178 197 102.23 52.59 67.96 83.05 99.42 115.54 130.79 148.57 162.94 193.56 37.74 26.25 29.80 33.91 37.05 40.92 44.79 48.24 49.70 56.21 36.9% 49.9% 43.9% 40.8% 37.3% 35.4% 34.2% 32.5% 30.5% 29.0% 1.33 0.94 1.11 1.29 1.26 1.32 1.66 1.71 1.74 1.81 1.3% 1.8% 1.6% 1.6% 1.3% 1.1% 1.3% 1.1% 1.1% 0.9% 2.37 1.56 1.73 2.20 2.36 2.68 3.06 2.94 2.81 3.07 2.3% 3.0% 2.5% 2.6% 2.4% 2.3% 2.3% 2.0% 1.7% 1.6% 1926 88

-50 50-60- 70-80- 90-100 3 60 70 80 90 100-1931 1,517 15 76.33 46.04 51.73 59.31 66.74 75.65 82.13 97.13 78 251 254 287 258 374 26.00 1.25 19.87 1.06 20.66 0.96 22.26 0.99 23.94 1.18 25.96 1.20 27.85 30.04 1.37 1.51 34.1% 1.6% 43.2% 2.3% 39.9% 1.9% 37.5% 1.7% 35.9% 1.8% 34.3% 1.6% 33.9% 30.9% 1.7% 1.6% 1.54 0.54 0.89 1.24 1.39 1.42 1.78 1.92 1926 2.0% 1.2% 1.7% 2.1% 2.1% 1.9% 2.2% 2.0% 1931 1926 60 1 56 1931 50 54 3.0 1.21926 100120 2 36 2.41931 100 1 92 2.0 1926 60 94 1931 50 1 6 1.8 2.3 24) 1926 50 1 6 7 15.1 100 1 51 1 15 10.1 5 1931 0.6 1.8 35 1.637 1.4 1.6 1.4 1926 1.2 1.0 1931 37 1.4 0.8 0.6 0.4 1931 32 33 34 35 36 37 1 2 101 1932503760 100 89

1921 6 1926 40-50 2.7 2.3 5.060-70 2.7 4.4 7.180-90 2.6 5.7 8.3 1930 1932 611-20 20-30- 40-30 40 50 50-189 44 49 37 25 34 36.16 17.08 27.10 34.71 45.95 68.28 19.03 10.93 16.90 20.04 22.62 28.84 1931 50 52.6% 64.0% 62.4% 57.7% 49.2% 42.2% 1.15 0.83 1.04 1.45 1.24 1.35 3.2% 4.8% 3.8% 4.2% 2.7% 2.0% 0.72 0.32 0.50 0.81 0.72 1.48 2.0% 1.9% 1.8% 2.3% 1.6% 2.2% 4 1933 20 4.820-30 3.830-40 4.2 2.0 50 3 1925 1917 1919 1925 1922 90

1907 1917 1919 1922 1925 1936 8 10 2 12 2 15 3 15 0 18 3 20 2 7 8 1 10 2 12 2 12 0 15 3 17 2 5 7 2 8 1 10 2 10 0 10 0 12 2 4 6 2 7 1 7 0 6-1 7 1 8 1 1937 25) 5 1925 1 1 1 13 13 1926 60 0.2 26) 27) 11 7 9 28) 1 29) 30) 31) 32) 91

33) 4 34) 6 35) 1910 20 1 1917 19 2 /kg 7 6 5 4 180% 160% 140% 120% 100% 3 2 1 0 1910 15 20 25 30 35 2 1 134 1934-36100 2 3 4 1918 1.56.74.08.4 631963119-120 5 193011931 248 86 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 92

1915 1301920 33.2 1920 1930 100 1920 10 1937 150 1 1 1 36) 37) 1925 1936 11 1920 30 1920 1925 93

1) 2) 1 3) 1970 93-238 3 1974 1937 253-368 4) 5) 1920 86 3 1985 15-16 6) 1988 53234 191732 130 355 7) 1 1964 639-641 8) 359 9) 531 10) 1899 176 11) 1926 1 599 12) 543 1 10 13) 265-277 14) 1964 139-140 552 26-30 43 15) 1903 700 561 1902 1,000 153 16) 283-294 1 628-629 94

17) 1 578-580 18) 445-454 19) 2003 135-156 20) 60 40 40 1 557-558 1780 1957 23 21) 1920 1 555-556 429 22) 1919 5 5 23) 24) 1920 5 25) 1922 2 1964 144 26) 1928 1929 240-241 58 1 2006 137 21922012 71-72 84-88 27) 95

2 148 28) 9 1925 9 24 6 1925 11 7 29) 1925 11 8 1992 157-177 30) 1925 11 7 31) No.482011 48-55 32) 1925 11 20 33) 1925 11 25 34) 1930 11 25 35) 2 514-524 36) 1925 1926 33-43 37) 1930 11 25 96

1) 2) 3) A 4) 5) 97

6) 1 2 3 1 1931=100 193140 1931 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1932 98 98 97 101 99 99 98 100 1933 100 88 99 104 98 86 98 98 1934 96 81 93 105 98 83 96 102 1935 93 79 91 98 92 78 90 98 1936 94 78 90 104 95 78 93 100 1937 93 65 89 104 90 63 85 104 1938 86 48 80 104 87 49 81 105 1939 96 48 85 130 92 46 79 130 7) 1 1940 107 46 93 151 107 46 91 154 1 1142 2011 3 6465 6567 1 1 8) 65 9) 1 98

1930 5 1938 1931=100 1927 183 163 214 177 150 112 174 153 109 2 1928 176 183 214 161 144 106 162 154 109 1929 1931 163 100 179 100 165 100 164 100 144 100 105 100 151 100 158 100 109 100 1930 1932 127 100 128 117 126 127 127 93 124 89 102 98 123 97 119 96 104 95 1933 103 153 176 95 104 106 97 118 95 1934 1936 96 94 160 161 185 173 99 106 106 110 106 97 97 100 125 142 95 95 1935 1937 91 100 161 195 171 279 101 124 112 112 106 108 97 115 126 154 95 101 1931 100 1938 106 303 404 125 131 133 165 188 128 1941 320 295 478 222 213 165 192 325 137 11421968 1939 163 295 478 135 176 149 183 251 137 1940 290 295 478 204 202 159 191 318 137 1932 1938 1931 34 1936 100 1930 1941 4 1942 3 3, 20 25 30 35 40 5.67 45.1 4.16 38.1 3.45 30.9 3.27 26.8 3.70 26.0 1.14 9.1 1.07 9.8 0.79 7.1 0.84 6.9 0.88 6.2 4.53 36.0 3.09 28.3 2.66 23.8 2.43 19.9 2.82 19.8 2.39 19.0 2.24 20.5 1.90 17.0 1.91 15.7 1.99 14.0 2.43 19.3 3.12 28.6 4.48 40.1 5.66 46.4 6.98 49.1 0.93 7.4 0.28 2.6 0.22 2.0 0.10 0.8 0.12 0.8 1.15 9.1 1.12 10.3 1.12 10.0 1.25 10.3 1.44 10.1 12.57 100.0 10.92 100.0 11.17 100.0 12.19 100.0 14.23 100.0 1943 99

20 2.43 19.340 6.98 49.1 2.5 20 2 2 2 1 10 6 5 10) 265 13 1 1 4 5 1 165 11) 12) 13) 14) 4 1911 100

1 2 10 5 4 21 2 2 12 6 4 24 3 2 14 6 1 1 3 1 27/28 1908-4 2 14 6 1 1 3 2 27/29 5 1 2 2 10 10 4 5 3 4 2-2/1-2 21 3 3 28/30 6 2 2 2 10 12 4 5 3 4 2-2/1-2 23 3 3 28/30 1 3 1919-4 2 12 6 2 1 1 3 2 - - 27/29 5 2 9 4 2 2 2 2/1 2 3 3 - - 28/30 3 2 12 6 1 - - 25 6 2 9 4 2 2 2 2/1 2 3 3 - - 28/30 5193938-39125-127 / 15) 3 3 1 56 3 3 45 6 3 16) 17) 18) 5 19) 100 90 75 20) 21) 100 27 100 90 57 55 57 60 75 58 48 32 51 36 48 29 40 45 75 54 75 - - 22) 4 3 101

4 28 4 28 1911 1418 4 4050 23) 16-20 178.2 310.6 27.3 516.1 110.5 218.2 291.5 620.2 6 1 21-30 178.7 177.1 442.0 463.2 9.7 9.5 630.4 649.8 88.7 81.2 337.8 369.5 264.2 264.1 690.7 714.8 31-45 185.6 177.3 346.3 456.6 10.5 10.0 542.4 643.9 109.0 78.1 251.3 327.7 264.7 308.0 625.0 713.8 46-60 143.3 435.9 11.4 590.6 77.0 301.1 280.4 658.5 61-100.7 359.4 6.7 466.8 78.5 291.8 151.9 522.2 160.4 395.3 12.6 568.3 89.1 293.3 260.1 642.4 24) 1941 11 16-20 - - - - 54.0 141.7 495.3 691.0 21-30 209.5-452.3-48.4-710.2-55.5 50.5 188.1 207.5 492.9 492.9 736.5 750.9 31-45 - 192.8-470.7-50.3-713.8 68.5 46.5 137.7 204.8 493.1 487.6 699.3 738.9 46-60 158.6 484.1 45.4 688.1 37.4 229.5 418.1 685.0 61- - - - - 28.8 300.3 247.7 576.8 187.0 469.0 48.0 704.0 47.6 203.6 439.1 690.3 161943 11 439 7 395 6 469 102

8 16-20 - 6.9-6.9 42.7 59.0-101.7 21-30 - 11.9 0.5 12.4-9.3-9.3 - - - - - 18.3 1.9 20.2 - - - - 31-45 - 26.1 0.3 26.4 - - - - 46-60 - 32.3 0.6 32.9 - - - - 20 30 16-20 0.3 5.9 0.2 6.4 52.8 43.3 0.1 96.2 21-30 0.2 8.1 0.2 8.5 68.3 60.3 1.0 129.6 0.3 6.7 0.1 7.1 - - - - 2130-10.2 0.3 10.5 - - - - 31-45 - 12.6 1.1 13.7 66.0 120.7 5.9 192.6 46-60 - 13.4 0.6 14.0 - - - - 161943 25) 160 187 30 26) 1 27) 28) 7 42 1 1 103

3 29) 30) 31) 8 25 49 1935 1938-9 1 0.0 1 10-4 1.3 21 0.4 25 7 2.8 32 0.4 39 15-14 4.5 122 2.2 136 10 4.0 179 2.4 189 20-15 4.9 206 3.8 221 9 3.6 440 6.0 449 25-16 5.2 597 10.9 613 14 5.6 1,110 15.2 1,124 30-19 6.2 937 17.1 956 22 8.8 1,300 17.8 1,322 35-15 4.9 1,200 21.9 1215 18 7.2 1,238 16.9 1,236 40-27 8.8 950 17.4 977 13 5.2 968 13.2 981 45-33 10.7 617 11.3 650 11 4.4 702 9.6 713 50-42 13.6 424 7.8 466 21 8.4 509 7.0 530 55-32 10.4 197 3.6 229 31 12.4 351 4.8 382 60-91 29.5 198 3.6 289 93 37.3 484 6.6 577 308 100.0 5,469 100.0 5777 249 100.0 7,314 100.0 7,363 1936 1940 32) 4,080 5,469 74.6 33) 5,651 77.27 34) 78 13.5 986.5 282 3.72 7,281 96.28 20 50 104

-10 188 3.3 1 0.0-20 576 10.2 29 0.4-30 1,216 21.6 76 1.0 27.1-40 1,620 28.8 233 3.1-50 1,125 20.0 615 8.1 31.4-60 423 7.5 1,287 17.0 14.518.7-70 168 3.0 1,679 22.2-80 67 1.2 1,455 19.2-90 20 0.4 977 12.9 3.1-100 9 0.2 510 6.7 11.8-150 17 0.3 634 8.4 46.6-200 4 0.1 47 0.6 200- - - 20 0.3 15.610.2 5,433 100.0 7,563 100.0 1936 1940 35) 9 21-30 21.631-40 28.8 41-50 20.0 3 50 83.9 51-60 17.0 61-70 22.271-80 19.2 81-90 12.9 4 71.3 1935 1938 10 1935 3 29.414.4 13.0 1,609 29.4 1,033 14.1 786 14.4 1,028 14.1 709 13.0 1,024 14.0 674 12.3 733 10.0 585 10.7 581 7.9 324 5.9 365 5.0 253 4.6 347 4.7 81 1.5 341 4.7 59 1.1 298 4.1 44 0.8 286 3.9 41 0.7 203 2.8 37 0.7 160 2.2 36 0.7 159 2.2 36 0.7 146 2.0 35 0.6 130 1.8 34 0.6 122 1.7 30 0.5 107 1.5 29 0.5 80 1.1 21 0.4 66 0.9 21 0.4 65 0.9 12 0.2 40 0.5 7 0.1 7,314 100.0 6 0.1 5,469 100.0 1936 1940 105

56.8 1938 14.1 1,332 81.1 578 754 92 5.6 62 30 14.114.0 28 20 1.7 1.2 11 7 17 13 10.0 20 1.2 18 2 15 0.9 6 9 4 52.2 14 0.9 6 8 14 0.9 8 6 14 0.9 6 8 11 0.7 2 9 10 1,560 94.9 704 856 37 1,643 100.0 734 909 10 11 1936 10 81.1 4 102 1,643 6.2 8 30.5 21.5 4.9 4.4 4.3 2.3 0.3 0 58 8.85,098 450 10 12 13 7.1 5 7.8 3 5.7 11 23 4.2 23 23 23 6.1 13.8 21 7.8 2 106

8 9.4 26 8.6 15 7.8 21 7.7 1,643 7.1 53 6.6 35 6.5 51 6.4 344 6.2 40 5.8 23 5,777 6.1 752 13.8 364 11.0 148 9.3 1,075 8.8 345 8.2 162 7.6 80 7.3 625 7.2 66 7.2 124 7.1 21 7,563 7.8 51 7.1 35 7.0 728 7.0 15 6.9 30 6.7 843 6.7 1,643 6.6 59 6.0 23 5,777 7.2 1936 11.0 1940 2 8.8 4 8.2 5 14 8 23 7.2 6.6 0.6 1 1 1 8 15 1 21 6.91 0.7 20.1 21.7 /// 1 152.8 752 7.61 20.1 152.8 13.8 0.69 9.0 300 7.01 21.7 152.3 4.9 0.23 3.2 364 7.43 19.4 144.4 11.0 0.56 7.6 345 7.26 19.4 140.5 8.2 0.42 5.8 162 6.98 19.8 138.1 7.6 0.38 5.5 9.0 1,075 6.75 19.4 131.1 8.8 0.45 6.7 1,046 6.68 18.8 125.7 6.5 0.35 5.2 1,054 6.31 17.9 112.8 5.9 0.33 5.2 7.6 6.7 8 5,098 7.00 19.6 137.2 8.3 0.43 6.1 21 7,563 6.91 19.5 134.5 7.8 0.40 5.8 1940 107

1 8.4 21.7 13 2 1 1 36) 1 16 8 15 23 8 43.7 23 50.6 15 60.61 20.01.0 20 11.9 2 37) 2 6 1 1 773 47.0 94 5.7 90 5.5 57 3.5 629 38.3 1,643 257 30.5 499 59.2 35 4.2 32 3.8 20 2.4 843 353 48.5 296 40.7 61 8.4 1 0.1 17 2.3 728 34 57.6 13 22.0 5 8.5 7 11.9 59 31 60.8 11 21.6 4 7.8 3 5.9 2 3.9 51 18 51.4 15 42.9 2 5.7 35 12 40.0 12 40.0 3 10.0 1 3.3 2 6.7 30 11 73.3 0 0.0 2 13.3 2 13.3 15 2 22.2 4 44.4 1 11.1 2 22.2 9 8 1,491 43.7 944 27.7 203 5.9 94 2.8 681 20.0 3,413 15 1,432 60.6 803 34.0 87 3.7 18 0.8 24 1.0 2,364 23 2,923 50.6 1,747 30.2 290 5.0 112 1.9 685 11.9 5,777 1936 108

,, 2 6 1 1 110 10.2 768 71.4 111 10.3 84 7.8 2 0.2 1,075 53 288 27.3 732 69.4 23 2.2 8 0.8 3 0.3 1,054 12 180 17.2 821 78.5 33 3.2 7 0.7 5 0.5 1,046 19 63 8.4 132 17.6 76 10.1 60 8.0 421 56.0 752 765 41 11.3 232 63.7 68 18.7 22 6.0 1 0.3 364 62 41 11.9 287 83.2 11 3.2 3 0.9 3 0.9 345 34 201 67.0 94 31.3 5 1.7 300 5 63 38.9 91 56.2 5 3.1 3 1.9 162 16 8 987 19.4 3,157 61.9 332 6.5 187 3.7 435 8.5 5,098 13 799 32.4 1,505 61.1 83 3.4 38 1.5 40 1.6 2,465 21 1,786 23.6 4,662 61.6 415 5.5 225 3.0 475 6.3 7,563 104 1940 36530 38) 8 13 23 17 39) 2 61 421 1 765 1 1 47.0 18 8 13 23 50.0 15 8 33.6 8 33.613.5 2 109

1,033 2 0.2 107 10.4 95 9.2 573 55.5 19 1.8 203 19.7 13 1.3 20 1.9 1 0.1 1,028 6 0.6 250 24.3 99 9.6 521 50.7 17 1.7 121 11.8 6 0.6 8 0.8 1,024 2 0.2 210 20.5 139 13.6 524 51.2 37 3.6 99 9.7 4 0.4 9 0.9 733 0 0.0 44 6.0 31 4.2 246 33.6 23 3.1 246 33.6 43 5.9 99 13.5 1 0.1 347 1 0.3 56 16.1 45 13.0 185 53.3 9 2.6 41 11.8 5 1.4 5 1.4 341 0 0.0 143 41.9 13 3.8 130 38.1 5 1.5 42 12.3 2 0.6 6 1.8 298 0 0.0 20 6.7 21 7.0 211 70.8 3 1.0 35 11.7 5 1.7 2 0.7 1 0.3 159 1 0.6 26 16.4 8 5.0 90 56.6 28 17.6 3 1.9 3 1.9 8 4,963 12 0.2 856 17.2 451 9.1 2,480 50.0 113 2.3 815 16.4 81 1.6 152 3.1 1 0.0 2 0.0 13 2,351 23 1.0 437 18.6 293 12.5 1,176 50.0 40 1.7 331 14.1 18 0.8 32 1.4 1 0.0 0 0.0 21 7,314 35 0.5 1,293 17.7 744 10.2 3,656 50.0 153 2.1 1,146 15.7 99 1.4 184 2.5 2 0.0 2 0.0 1940, 47.11 44.0 47.0 40) OJT 2 1930 110

1) 1989 2) 2012 3) 2014 4) 2013 5) OM 2004 6) 7) 8) 2012 9) 8 10) 47 1 2004 40 1930 11) 40 12) 1991 1999 1 13) 1994 3 2 14) 2002 2012 2 15) 5 1939 29 16) 21 2 1978 2 17) 18) 19) 100 43 33 5 6076 20) 4 4 21) 22) 111

23) 2007 17-18 24) 2003 635636 2011 Masayuki Tanimoto, The Role of Housework in Everyday Life : Another Aspect of Consumption in Modern Japan Penelope Francks and Janet Hunter eds, The Historical Consumer : Consumption and Everyday Life in Japan, 18502000, Palgrave Macmillan, 2012 56 1 2005 25) 26) 19 2011 27) 1931 46 3,866 2,437 0.5 46 1,429 99.5 46 1,429 38 320 82.4 50 12 6.544 3,699 3,867 1.9 43 9,832 98.1 21 1,684 9 9,935 47 9 9,825 7 9,424 79 91 9,506 3 1,931 2 75 236 1 3,156 16 1936 17-19 28) Tanimoto The Role of Housework in Everyday Life 172 179 29) 2 1920 1997 11 2003 1 112

30) 1935 1936 1, 394 6.8, 1940 5,979 7,563 3,100 3-4 1,643 74.2 74.3 752 579 172 1 31) 1926 2004 6 32) 3 33) 34) 1940 18 35) 1,769 35 209 3,234 120 4 27238 36) 132 1 0.74 1.168 1.312 0.989 0.508 0.615 37) 18 38) 39) 40) 113

1) 19311940 14.9% 13.1% 18.0% 13.5% 2) 50.2%48.9%34.1%42.9% 93SNA 25 20% 3) 20 SNA 4) 5) 10% 115

2 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 192030 1 1920 21930 3 116

1 1 19) 1 6 1930 1920 55,963 1940 73,114 1.31 6 10 1 1920 a 1925 1930 1935 1940 b b/a 55,963 59,737 64,450 69,254 73,114 1.31 3,359 4,110 4,987 5,896 6,778 2.02 1 1920 1,768 2,115 2,454 2,990 3,252 1.84 0.3% 0.3% 3.9% 5.3% 4.2% 1.1% 620 784 926 1,110 1,328 2.14 702 826 952 1,081 1,089 1.55 654 715 801 930 990 1.51 20 579 595 704 797 968 1.67 109 155 185 213 223 2.05 165 196 225 250 255 1.55 30 147 158 168 176 186 1.27 194 238 270 340 343 1.77 97 106 113 122 119 1.23 114 131 171 212 261 2.29 190 202 218 225 252 1.33 111942 1 1 20) 1920 1926-27 117

1921 19269-278 1923 1,575 4.2 28.9 3.5 15.8 3,210 4.2 18.2 2.5 11.0 50-60 9 3.3 11.9 2.5 11.8 191 3.8 9.4 2.1 9.3 60-80 112 3.4 15.8 3.0 13.6 621 3.9 12.7 2.3 10.0 80-100 255 3.7 19.9 3.3 14.6 968 4.1 16.1 2.5 11.0 2 100-120 140-160 254 217 3.9 4.3 24.8 31.1 3.5 4.0 15.5 18.5 658 188 4.2 4.9 20.4 25.4 2.7 2.9 11.6 12.7 120-140 160-180 290 151 4.3 4.7 28.5 33.4 3.7 4.0 16.8 18.7 398 98 4.5 4.8 23.3 29.6 2.8 3.1 12.3 13.5 180-200 131 4.6 39.2 4.1 19.2 47 4.7 31.9 3.6 15.4 200 156 4.8 45.4 4.3 20.5 41 5.5 35.0 3.3 15.1 1934-36 100 192111 21) 497 4.3 5.4 1.1 4.5 161 4.5 5.6 1.2 4.9 30 3 3.7 4.5 1.0 3.0 - - - - - 30-40 10 3.5 4.3 1.1 4.0 2 3.5 5.8 1.0 4.5 40-50 51 3.8 5.2 1.0 3.6 13 3.7 4.6 1.0 4.0 50-60 82 4.2 5.2 1.1 4.3 22 4.7 5.4 1.0 4.5 60-70 111 4.2 5.3 1.1 4.4 41 4.2 5.7 1.1 4.6 70-80 95 4.5 5.7 1.2 4.7 30 4.6 5.8 1.2 4.8 80-90 67 4.5 5.4 1.1 4.8 26 4.6 5.3 1.2 5.1 90-100 26 4.7 5.9 1.1 4.9 8 4.6 6.4 1.3 5.8 100-120 35 4.9 5.5 1.1 5.1 12 5.3 6.2 1.2 6.1 10 192311 120-150 14 250 4.5 4.0 6.0 19.3 1.1 2.3 4.9 10.2 4 190 3.5 4.3 5.0 19.4 1.5 2.9 7.0 11.7 150 50 3 20 6.7 3.2 8.2 13.7 2.0 1.9 7.0 7.7 3 4 6.7 3.5 8.2 19.8 2.0 2.3 7.0 8.9 50-100 182 3.9 19.0 2.3 10.1 139 3.9 18.4 2.7 10.8 100-150 38 4.5 21.6 2.4 12.1 40 5.3 21.0 3.3 13.2 150-200 6 5.0 22.9 2.7 11.8 6 6.8 28.4 5.5 22.6 200-250 4 7.0 34.7 3.0 15.9 1 8.0 31.5 4.0 18.0 118

1920 % b/a a b 497 59 11.9% 3 30 3 0 0.0% 30-40 10 4 40.0% 40-50 51 2 3.9% 50-60 82 10 12.2% 60-70 111 17 15.3% 0 70-80 95 13 13.7% 80-90 67 7 10.4% 90-100 26 2 7.7% 100-120 35 4 11.4% 1921 11 120-150 14 0 0.0% 150 3 0 0.0% 1919 6 10 192228 20 6 22) 12 64 13 10 74 0 25 33.9%25 1 0 22 12 13 0 1 1920 23) 1920 1927 1920 1920 24) 1920 25) 1920 1920 1920 26) 119

1 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 27) 1 1928 7 1 1929 1930 2 8 1 28) 1929 8,692 5,921 1,362 29) 2 1930 1930 1930 12 30) 12 193132 120

31) 1931-32 2,000 239 32) 1,517 239 3012.6% 47 45 33 31930 40 1 15.60 1931 15.25 1936 16.10 1940 12.69 12.33 13.20 1 2 3 2 1 19391940 1939 4 193839 11% 33) 1% 0.5% 1930 2 1930 1920 1936 2.3 2.2 12.9 11.7 1 1.55 1.40 2.0 2.0 10.8 8.7 1 1.30 1.35 1 20.0 11.8 1 121

% a b c a+b+c 27.9 34.1 6.2 5.0 10.2 5.1 17.6 17.9 0.3 9.4 9.0 0.4 54.9 61.0 6.2 70 34.2 37.2 3.0 6.9 11.0 4.1 21.0 20.0 1.0 7.6 7.2 0.4 62.8 64.4 1.6 70-80 25.5 33.5 8.0 6.9 11.9 4.9 18.9 17.7 1.3 6.8 8.6 1.8 51.2 59.8 8.6 80-90 32.0 34.9 3.0 6.2 9.6 3.4 23.4 17.9 5.5 8.6 9.2 0.6 64.0 62.1 1.9 90-100 30.8 26.7 4.1 6.9 8.5 1.7 18.5 14.7 3.8 6.4 14.0 7.6 55.7 55.4 0.3 100-110 30.6 31.8 1.2 4.1 7.1 3.0 16.0 14.8 1.2 8.8 8.1 0.7 55.5 54.8 0.7 110-120 32.4 32.6 0.2 5.7 5.8 0.1 18.4 13.4 5.0 9.9 12.5 2.6 60.7 58.4 2.2 120-130 29.7 37.2 7.5 5.3 10.0 4.7 15.1 14.7 0.3 10.6 9.8 0.8 55.4 61.8 6.4 193661998 4-80 90 90 65% 55% 60% 3 1 34) 1930 35) 18451917 19051910 1912 55 154 764 122

83 29 344 1,429 123 263 97 1,959 1 36) 2 18971937 1937 41 3 1934 3 1928 1939 1927 1920 1923 27 37) 58 43 67,660 19271929 1928 2 38) 30 39) 19281939 5 55 30 1930 123

90% 139 9 9 126 40) 41) 2 300 34 90 100 1 6.5 1.6 3.6 2 4 3 2 1929 124

70 60 50 2 35 30 25 2 2 1929 1930 40 30 20 10 0 0 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 :F--3F--1 6 1967141 20 15 10 5 2 1 2 1928 1934 1935 20 42) 2 1930 30 1 43) 44) 45) 125

46) 1 1 1 47) 1930 1 1 2 2 1 1 48) 80 19291932 37 1927 TN 1928 1932 2 1 5.6 2 5 1928 31 1929 7 1 29 1930 11 20 JH 1930 11 26 377 3 2 3 1931 6 6 13 6 15 TN 22 6 17 11 TN 1932 7 7 126

49) 2 9 HS 30 27 1925-29 22 1929-46 5 2 4 HS 3 25 3 YT 1 1928 10-1929 8 2 5.75 5 29 130 YT 1945 50) 233 2,0003,000 69 3,0005,000 52 1,500 2,000 41 2,500 200 1922 200 32.5 YT 29 24.9 YT 200 127

YT 1 1920 1920 1930 128

51) 52) 53) 1,000 54) 55) 1) 6 1967 2) 93-94 3) http://www.stat.go.jp/data/chouki/03.htm 2014 9 4) United Nation Statistics Division, National Accounthttp://unstats.un.org/unsd/nationalaccount/2014 9 5) <>2009 2 6) 18-20 48 2002 2-7 7) 2012 240-241 129