(2) 1 1 4 ( beresit ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 Makio Uwaha. E-mail:uwaha@nagoya-u.jp; http://slab.phys.nagoya-u.ac.jp/uwaha/ 1
(a) (b) 1: (a) ( ) (b) ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 ) 2 2
20 [ ] 2 20 ( ) A B A B A B 3 4 19 3 4 3
[ ] f = ma m d2 r dt 2 = f (1) ( ) (1) x(t) v(t) = dx/dt a(t) = dv/dt = d 2 x/dt 2 a(t) = d2 x(t) dt 2 = d dt ( ) dx(t) dt = 1 f(t) (2) m t x(t) v(t) t + t : v(t + t) = v(t) + dv(t) dt t = v(t) + a(t) t = v(t) + f(t) t, (3) m x(t + t) = x(t) + dx(t) t = x(t) + v(t) t. (4) dt t+ t t! 4
, 5 [ ( )] 3 (Albert Einstein: 1879-1955) ( 100 ) 5 5
1 200km 1 30km? 1 1 ( ) [ ] 1 B v B V A v + V A r t B r t r = r + V t (5) t = t (6) 6
t v = v + V 1. v B v B v A v A (B A before after) (v B v A v A = v B ) v A = 0 v A 2. v B 1 vb 2 V = (v B 1 + vb 2 )/2 v B 1 = vb 1 V = (vb 1 vb 2 )/2 v B 2 = vb 2 V = (vb 2 vb 1 )/2 6 v A v A v 1 = v A + V = v A + (v 1 + v 2 )/2 v 2 = v A + V = v A + (v 1 + v 2 )/2 7 ( ) [ ] m 1 v B 1 + m 2 v B 2 = m 1 v A 1 + m 2 v A 2 (7) m 2 = 2m 1 4 (Isac Newton: 1643-1727) ( ) 3 6 7 (Christiaan Huygens: 1629-1695) 7
(a) (b) (c) 2: (a) (b) (c) 1. : 2. : ( ) : ma = m dv dt = md2 r dt 2 = f (8) 3. : A B f A B A B f B A = f A B (9) (8) f = 0 v 1 8
(a) (b) (c) 3: (a) (b) (c) 3 f (8) (Pierre-Simon Laplace: 1749-1827) ( ) ( 1812 ) 8 19 8 (René Descartes: 1596-1650) (Je pense, donc je suis.) 1633 1864 9
(Michael Faraday: 1791-1867) 30 9 (A) (B) 10 A B e v B f = ev B B A B A B 340m/s ( ) ( ( ) ) 11 30 ( 299742958m/s) 9 (Heinrich Rudolf Hertz: 1857-1894) 1889 1881! 10 11 (aether ether) (C 2H 5) 2O 10
(a) (b) (c) 4: (a) (Galileo Galilei: 1564-1642) (b) (c) 5 (Albert Abraham Michelson: 1852-1931) 30 30 1 12 t r (6)? [ ] ( ) 12 1881 1887 11
(a) (b) (c) 5: (a) (b) (c)? x t 13 (Jules-Henri Poincare: 1854-1912) 13 Hendrik Antoon Lorentz: 1853-1928 8 12
[ ] i) ii) iii) ( )A B B A V x A B z L z A A: L c t A = L/c B t B B: V t B x 2 L 2 + (V t B /2) 2 ( ) V 2 tb 2 L 2 + 2 t B = (10) c t B 2L t B = ( ) (11) V 2 c 1 c 2L/c B B B: t B = 2L/c A B A: 2L t A = 2L/c 1 (V/c) 2 13
( ) E = mc 2 1 6 2006 ( ) ( ) 1979 ( ) 2005 14
... 1967 1988 1963-2 50 ( ) 1969 26 1 1988 15
1999 5 I 1967 OK II 1968 III 1969 IV 1971 V 1979 1 3 2 7 : ( 1988 ) 16
1 1 2 [ ] 1 ( ) 17
[ ] ( ) I. 1 14. 14 ( ) 18
A A A A B A B A A B A B A B A B A B A B A t A A B B t B B A t A A t B t A = t A t B ( ) ( ). 19
1. B A A B 2. A B C B C [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) (A B AB ) 2AB t A t A = c ( ). 2. 1.. 2. c = 1 20
1 l X X x v : a). b) 1 ( ) t 2 ( ) a) 15 ) l b) ( ) l t [ B A] 1 [ ] A B [ ] 15 : 21
A B 1 2 1 2 t A 16 A t B B t A A [ ] t B t A = r AB c v, t A t B = r AB c + v. r AB A B. 16 ( ). [ t A A.] 22