A. Fresnel) (M. Planck) 1905 (A. Einstein) X (A. Ampère) (M. Faraday) 1864 (C. Maxwell) 1871 (H. R. Hertz) (G. Galilei)
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1 tatekawa (at) akane.waseda.jp x t x t (I. Newton) C. Huygens) 19 (T. Young) 1
2 A. Fresnel) (M. Planck) 1905 (A. Einstein) X (A. Ampère) (M. Faraday) 1864 (C. Maxwell) 1871 (H. R. Hertz) (G. Galilei)
3 1: (O. Roemer) (Io) [m/s] (J. Bladley) v c θ = v c, (1) 3
4 2: L 3: 1 c = [m/s] (2) (A. Fizeau) L = [km]) 1 sin θ θ 4
5 c = 2L t = = [m/s]. (3) (J. L. Foucault) 1862 c = (2.980 ± 0.5) 10 8 [m/s], (4) [µm] (Cd) Kr
![Foucault) 1862 c = (2.980 ± 0.5) 10 8 [m/s], (4) 2.](/docs-images/42/20783739/images/page_5.jpg "3 1875 1 4000 1 1 3 0.")
6 (J. Harrison) ( 133 Cs) c = [m/s]. (5) 1 1/ (J. L. Lagrange) (W. R. Hamilton) (L. E. Boltzmann)
7 S V u V v 4: S, S S S V 19 4[km/h] 40[km/h] 44[km/h] 4 S, S S S V S u S v = u + V c c 7
![44[km/h] 4 S, S S S V](/docs-images/42/20783739/images/page_7.jpg "S u S v = u + V c c 7")
8 v = 30[km/s] β = v c 10 4, 10 4 (A. Michelson) L 1 c c v c + v t (1) = L 1 c v + L 1 c + v = 2L 1 1 c 1 β 2, (6) 8 c 2 v β = v/c 8
9 L 2 L 1 5: t (2) = 2L 2 1 c, (7) 1 β 2 (0 ) = t (1) t (2), (8) 90 t (2) = 2L 2 c 1 1 β 2, (9) t (1) = 2L 1 1 c, (10) 1 β 2 9
10 (90 ) = t (2) t (1), (11) t(0 ) t(90 ) = t (1) + t (1) = 2(L 1 + L 2 ) c t(2) t (2) ( ) 1 1 β 2 1, (12) 1 β 2 β 1 9 L 1 = L 2 = L t(0 ) t(90 ) 2L c β2, (13) λ s s = 1 λ c ( t(0 ) t(90 )) 2L λ β2, (14) L = 1.2[m], λ = [m], s = 0.04 (E. Morley) 1887 L = 11[m] s 0.4 s < 0.01 G. F. FitzGerald) (H. A. Lorentz) 9 (1 β 2 ) a 1 aβ 2 10
![λ c ( t(0 ) t(90 )) 2L λ β2, (14) L = 1.2[m], λ = 6 10 7 [m], s = 0.04 (E.](/docs-images/42/20783739/images/page_10.jpg "Morley) 1887 L = 11[m] s 0.4 s < 0.01 G. F. FitzGerald) (H. A.")
11 ma = F, (15) r = r vt, (16) v ma = F, (17) % 20% 70% 11
12 (event) P Q x P, x Q d d 2 = (x Q x P ) 2, (18) P, Q s 2 P Q c 2 (t Q t P ) 2 + (x Q x P ) 2. (19) 12
13 (19) (Minkowski) P Q ( s) 2 = c 2 ( t) 2 + ( x) 2, (20) 12 PQ x Q x P = c(t Q t P ), (21) s 2 P Q = 0, (22) (s P Q) 2 = c 2 ( t Q t P ) 2 + ( x Q x P ) 2 = 0, (23) P Q 2 2 S P, Q (t p, x p ) (t q, x q ) 12 13
14 s 2 P Q c 2 (t Q t P ) 2 + (x Q x P ) 2. (24) S P Q (s P Q) 2 = c 2 (t Q t P ) 2 < 0 (25) s 2 P Q = (s P Q) 2 < 0, (26) 1 2 c (x Q x P ) 2 = { tq t P } 2 { tq } 2 v(t) dt < c dt = c 2 (t Q t P ) 2, (27) t P S P, Q (T p, X p ) (T q, X q ) s 2 P Q c 2 (T Q T P ) 2 + (X Q X P ) 2. (28) S P Q (s P Q) 2 = (X Q X P ) 2 > 0 (29) s 2 P Q = (s P Q) 2 > 0, (30) 14
15 ct O y x 6: (31) x ct t = 0, x = 0 O P x 2 > c 2 t 2 Q x 2 < c 2 t 2 c 2 t 2 + x 2 = 0, x y c 2 t 2 = x 2 = x 2 + y 2, (31) t (31) 6 ct O ct O O 15
16 3.4 t r = ( x) 2 + ( y) 2 + ( z) 2, S S x = y = z = 0, (32) ( s) 2 = c 2 ( t) 2 + ( r) 2 = c 2 ( t ) 2, (33) t = t 1 1 c 2 ( r t ) 2 = t v = r t, v = v, 1 v2 c 2, (34) (34)
17 τ2 τ 1 dt = t2 t 1 dt 1 v(t)2 c 2. (35) v S τ 2 τ 1 ( τ) 2 ( s)2 c 2, (36) 3.5 S(t, x, y, z) S (t, x, y, z ) S S x v t = t, x = x vt, y = y, z = z, (37) ( s) 2 = c 2 ( t) 2 + ( x) 2 + ( y) 2 + ( z) 2, (38) ( s ) 2 = (c 2 v 2 )( t) 2 2v( t)( x) + ( x) 2 + ( y) 2 + ( z) 2, (39) β = v/c
18 ct x y z = a 00 a 01 a 02 a 03 a 10 a 11 a 12 a 13 a 20 a 21 a 22 a 23 a 30 a 31 a 32 a 33 ct x y z. (40) 4 4 S S x v t = t = 0 S S y = y, z = z, (41) a 22 = a 33 = 1, (42) a 20 = a 21 = a 23 = a 30 = a 31 = a 32 = 0, (43) y = y, z = z a 02 = a 03 = a 12 = a 13 = 0, (44) ct = a 00 ct + a 01 x, (45) x = a 10 ct + a 11 x, (46) y = y, (47) z = z, (48) S x = 0 S x v x = vt, (49) 18
19 (45) (46) ct = a 00 ct, x = a 10 ct, (50) a 10 ct = a 00 vt, (51) a 10 a 00 = v c, (52) S x = 0 S x v x = vt, (53) (46) a 10 ct + a 11 x = 0, (54) a 10 a 11 = v c, (55) (52) (55) a 00 = a 11, (56) γ a 00 = a t = t = 0 x S x = ct, (57) (45) (46) ct = (a 00 + a 01 )ct, (58) x = (a 10 + a 11 )x, (59) S x = ct, (60) a 00 + a 01 = a 10 + a 11, (61) 19
20 a 01 = a 10 (52) a 01 = a 10 = v c γ, (62) γ ct = γ (ct v ) c x, (63) x = γ ( vt + x), (64) γ S S S S (63) (64) ct = x = 1 v/c γ[1 (v/c) 2 ] ct + γ[1 (v/c) 2 ] x, (65) v/c 1 γ[1 (v/c) 2 ] ct + γ[1 (v/c) 2 ] x, (66) S S v v ( ct = γ ct + v c x ), (67) x = γ (vt + x ), (68) γ = 1 1 (v/c) 2, (69) 14 β = v/c 0 (63) (64) γ 1 (63) ct = ct t = t, (70) (64) x = vt + x, (71) 14 γ γ 20
![ct + γ[1 (v/c) 2 ] x, (66) S S v v ( ct = γ ct + v c x ), (67) x = γ (vt + x ), (68) γ = 1 1](/docs-images/42/20783739/images/page_20.jpg "(v/c) 2, (69) 14 β = v/c 0 (63) (64) γ 1 (63) ct = ct t = t, (70) (64) x = vt + x, (71) 14 γ γ")
21 y V V v x 7: S S V x S v S v c S S V x S v S v 7 v v x = γ( x + V t ), (72) y = y, (73) z = z, (74) t = γ ( t + Vc ) 2 x, (75) v x = x t = γ( x + V t ) γ ( t + V c x ) = V + v x 1 + V, (76) 2 c v 2 x v y = y t = v z = z t = v y γ ( ) 1 + V, (77) c v 2 x v z γ ( ) 1 + V, (78) c v 2 x V < c, v < c v < c 21
22 y v V x 8: S S V x S v S v c γ 1 v x = V + v x, v y = v y, v z = v z, S S 8 x x θ θ v x = v cos θ, v y = v sin θ, (79) v x = v cos θ, v y = v sin θ, (80) v x = v cos θ = x t = V + v cos θ 1 + V c 2 v cos θ, (81) v y = v sin θ = y t = v sin θ γ ( 1 + V c v cos θ ), (82) 2 22
23 : θ θ θ = 0 θ = 180 θ θ θ θ tan θ = v sin θ γ(v + v cos θ ), (83) v = v = c, tan θ = sin θ γ(β + cos θ ), (84) θ θ 9 θ θ β = 0 90 β = β = S S S 23
24 15 SF S S x = 0 t 10 S t = t 2 t 1, (85) S S v S t = t 2 t 1 = γ (t 2 + v c 2 t 1 v ) c 2 = γ(t 2 t 1) = γ t > t, (86) S S S x 11 S l = x = x 2 x 1, (87) 15 24
25 S V t 10: t t S V 11: x S t S 16 x = x 2 x 1 = γ(x 2 x 1 ) = γ x, (88) δx = 1 γ l < l, (89)
26 (ct) (x) S S x ct = 0 ct = 0 S ct = v c x, tan θ = v c, S ct x = 0 x = 0 S x = v ct = vt, c 12 S x = 0 ct P 12 ct x ct B A 26
27 ct B A P O x 12: S S B S (ct, 0) S (ct, x B ) { ct = γ 0 = γ ( ct v ( c v c { ) } x B ) ct + x B, (90) }, (91) x B T T T = 1 γ T < T, (92) S S (a) 27
28 (a) (b) 13: (a) (b) (b) S S (x = 0) t = 0 t = 0 x = 0 14 t = 0 x = 0 Q P R 28
29 ct Q R P x 14: Q P R
30 ct B A O x 15: x = 0 ct ct A ct B 15 S ct A S ct A S ct B 0 τ A 30
31 2τ A τ A 15 A 15 A A A i m x 2v 2m x 31
32 m 2m m 2m 2v v 16: m x 2v 2m x v 2m m 3v v v m 2v + 2m ( v) = 0, (93) 0 v = v + 2v 1 (v 2v/c 2 ) = 3v 1 (2v 2 /c 2 ), (94) mv 2 3mṽ v ṽ = v ṽ = v 1 (2v 2 /c 2 ) v, (95) 32
33 4.2 x v t t x v = x t, (96) x t t x τ s ( s) 2 = c 2 ( τ) 2 = c 2 ( t) 2 + ( x) 2 { ( x = c 2 + t = c 2 {1 )} ( t) 2 ( v c ) 2 } ( t) 2, (97) t x ct x, y, z ct u t (ct) τ u x x τ,, (98) u y y τ, u z z τ. (99)
34 4 u 4 4 p t mu t, (100) p x mu x, p y mu y, p z mu z, (101) v v v = v, v 2 = v = v 2 x + v 2 y + v 2 z, (102) v 4 0 ( ) 2 (ct) (u t ) 2 + (u x ) 2 + (u y ) 2 + (u z ) 2 = + τ = = ( ) 2 x + τ ( ) 2 y + τ ( ) 2 z τ 1 { ( τ) 2 ( (ct)) 2 + ( x) 2 + ( y) 2 + ( z) 2} 1 ( τ) ( (p t ) 2 + (p x ) 2 + (p y ) 2 + (p z ) 2 = m (ct) τ = = { c 2 ( τ) 2} = c 2, (103) ) 2 ( + m x ) 2 ( + m y ) 2 ( + m z ) 2 τ τ τ 1 { m 2 ( τ) 2 ( (ct)) 2 + ( x) 2 + ( y) 2 + ( z) 2} 1 m 2 ( τ) 2 { c 2 ( τ) 2} = (mc) 2, (104) 4 v p t = mu t = m (ct) τ p x = mu x = m x τ = m t τ = mc t = γmc, τ (105) x t = γmv x, (106) 34
35 p y = mu y = m y τ = m t y τ p z = mu z = m z τ = m t τ γ = 1 ( v c ) 2 ( = t τ t = γmv y, (107) z t = γmv z, (108) ), (109) m γm, (110) 4 1 p x = m v x, (111) m m 19 m v c c cp t = γmc 2. (112) γ (109) β = v/c 1 Taylor (1 + ε) (1 + ε) 2 = 1 + 2ε + ε 2, (113) (1 + ε) 3 = 1 + 3ε + 3ε 2 + ε 3, (114) (1 + ε) 4 = 1 + 4ε + 6ε 2 + 4ε 3 + ε 4, (115) ε 19 m 0 35
36 ε n ε n ε (1 + ε) n 1 + nε, (116) n (116) n ε = (1 + ε) 1/ ε, (117) (109) ( v ) 2 1 ( v ) ( 2 ( v ) ) 2 1 1, ε =, (118) c 2 c c 4 0 (112) cp t ( 1 1 ( v ) ) 2 mc 2, (119) 2 c cp t mc mv2, (120) v 0 0 E 0 = mc 2, (121) 21 E cp t, (122) m 36
37 5 E = mc 2, (123) 1km 1km 1km 1km 5000km 5000km 5000km 5000km 37
38 , 5. ( ) 6. J.J
168 13 Maxwell ( H ds = C S rot H = j + D j + D ) ds (13.5) (13.6) Maxwell Ampère-Maxwell (3) Gauss S B 0 B ds = 0 (13.7) S div B = 0 (13.8) (4) Farad
13 Maxwell Maxwell Ampère Maxwell 13.1 Maxwell Maxwell E D H B ε 0 µ 0 (1) Gauss D = ε 0 E (13.1) B = µ 0 H. (13.2) S D = εe S S D ds = ρ(r)dr (13.3) S V div D = ρ (13.4) ρ S V Coulomb (2) Ampère C H =
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24.15章.微分方程式
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Einstein 1905 Lorentz Maxwell c E p E 2 (pc) 2 = m 2 c 4 (7.1) m E ( ) E p µ =(p 0,p 1,p 2,p 3 )=(p 0, p )= c, p (7.2) x µ =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x
7 7.1 7.1.1 Einstein 1905 Lorentz Maxwell c E p E 2 (pc) 2 = m 2 c 4 (7.1) m E ( ) E p µ =(p 0,p 1,p 2,p 3 )=(p 0, p )= c, p (7.2) x µ =(x 0,x 1,x 2,x 3 )=(x 0, x )=(ct, x ) (7.3) E/c ct K = E mc 2 (7.4)
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第89回日本感染症学会学術講演会後抄録（I）
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第86回日本感染症学会総会学術集会後抄録（II）
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第85 回日本感染症学会総会学術集会後抄録（III）
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m dv = mg + kv2 dt m dv dt = mg k v v m dv dt = mg + kv2 α = mg k v = α 1 e rt 1 + e rt m dv dt = mg + kv2 dv mg + kv 2 = dt m dv α 2 + v 2 = k m dt d
m v = mg + kv m v = mg k v v m v = mg + kv α = mg k v = α e rt + e rt m v = mg + kv v mg + kv = m v α + v = k m v (v α (v + α = k m ˆ ( v α ˆ αk v = m v + α ln v α v + α = αk m t + C v α v + α = e αk m
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hirameki_09.dvi
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木オートマトン•トランスデューサによる 自然言語処理
木オートマトン トランスデューサによる 自然言語処理 林 克彦 NTTコミュニケーション科学基礎研究所 [email protected] n I T 1 T 2 I T 1 Pro j(i T 1 T 2 ) (Σ,rk) Σ rk : Σ N {0} nσ (n) rk(σ) = n σ Σ n Σ (n) Σ (n)(σ,rk)σ Σ T Σ (A) A
Microsoft Word - Wordで楽に数式を作る.docx
Ver. 3.1 2015/1/11 門 馬 英 一 郎 Word 1 する必要がある Alt+=の後に Ctrl+i とセットで覚えておく 1.4. 変換が出来ない場合 ごく稀に以下で説明する変換機能が無効になる場合がある その際は Word を再起動するとまた使えるようになる 1.5. 独立数式と文中数式 数式のスタイルは独立数式 文中数式(2 次元)と文中数式(線形)の 3 種類があ り 数式モードの右端の矢印を選ぶとメニューが出てくる
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