ATM ATM ( ) hiroshi hiroshi@isl isl.rdc rdc.toshiba toshiba.co..co.jp jp 1. 1. ATM ATM 2. 2. ATM ATM 3. 3. ATM ATM IP IP (1) (1) NBMA NBMA (2) (2) (3) (3) 4. 4. ATM ATM 5. 5.
1. ATM ATM OC-3(155Mbps), OC-12(622Mbps), OC-48(2.4Gbps) : (by NTT) QoS(Quality of Service)
1. ATM () 2 (e.g., ) $100/10Mbps? 3 (i.e., ) $10,000 / 100Mbps?
QoS (host/router) host/router)
WWW is World Wide Wait!! backbone 81 82 TCP/ IP Dial-up Links 84 DNS 87 UUNET T1 91 WWW T3 94 95 10 6 Hosts MSN 10 12 PPM Netscape 96 10 7 Hosts OC-3 1997-1998
2. ATM ATM ATM ATM
ATM ITU-T BISDN 87 90 Point-to-Point 92(Point-to-Multipoint) ATM Forum Private ATM 91 91UNI 1.0 94UNI 3.1 (Point-to-Multipoint( Point-to-Multipoint) IETF IP over ATM ( 92) ION(Internetworking Over NBMA) WG MPLS(MultiProtocol MultiProtocol Label Switching) WG
ATM ( ) IETF IP over ATM 92 IP over ATM WG Multi-Protocols on AAL5 (RFC1483) Classical IP and ARP over ATM (RFC1577) Default MTU for ATM AAL5 (RFC1626) Multicast Address Resolution Protocol (MARS) ROLC(Routing Over Large Cloud) WG NBMA Address Resolution Protocol NBMA Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) ION(Internetworking Over NBMA) WG Server Cache Synchronization Protocol
ATM ( ) IETF IP over ATM 92 MultoProtocol Label Switching WG ( 97( 97) ATM SONET/SDH Ethernet
ATM hard-state ISO CLNP NSAP(ISO) GOSIPE.164 Address Registration
ATM 2 Connection Admission Control (CAC) (Routing Control) UPC(Usage Parameter Control), NPC (Network P.C.) / ECN (Explicit Congestion Control) ERD(Early Random Discard)
0 1 2 3 4 5 47 GFC VPI VCI ATM 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 VCI VPI VCI PTI HEC Pay Load CLP VPI VCI <<UNI cell format>> <<NNI cell format>> - GFC; Generic Flow Control - VPI; Virtual Path Identifier - VCI; Virtual Connection Identifier 0 1 2 3 4 5 47 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 VPI VCI VCI PTI HEC Pay Load CLP - PTI; Payload Type Identifier - CLP; Cell Loss Priority - HEC; Header Error Control
ATM Host3 Host1 Host2 A link#1 B C B link#2 A C node(n1) B << VPI/VCI Translation Table at Node N1 >> Input Output Source Destination Link VPI/VCI Link VPI/VCI Host Host #1 #2 A B C A B C #8 #7 #8 #7 #8 #8 B C E D A D Host1 Host1 Host1 Host2 Host2 Host2 Host4 Host5 Host3 Host4 Host6 Host6 E D B link#8 node(n2) C D link#7 A link#3 B link#4 link#9 A node(n3) Host4 A link#5 C link#6 A Host5 Host6
ATM AAL ATM PHY User Plane AAL ATM PHY Control Plane Management Plane
ATM Table 2-1. Service Categories in ATM Networks Attribute CBR ATM Layer Service Catagories VBR (RT) VBR(NRT) ABR UBR CLR specified specified unspecified CTD and CDV specified specified unspecified unspecified PCR and CDVT specified specified specified SCR and BT n/a specified n/a MCR n/a specified n/a Control Information no yes no
ATM ATM (by Q.2931 by Q.2931 B-ISUP B-ISUP Permanent Permanent PVP, PVC PVP, PVC On-demand On-demand SVC SVC (SVP) (SVP) (CAC) CAC) (P-NNI) P-NNI) (shaping) shaping) (i.e.,upc/npc) i.e.,upc/npc) Reactive Reactive (ABR) ABR) (e.g., ERD) e.g., ERD)
ATM SAR SAR CPCS PHY ATM Type 1 Type 3/4 Type 5 Type 1 Type 3/4 Type 5 ATM Error Detection Payload (SDU) Header No No No Yes(CRC10) No No (optional) Yes (LI for lost) Yes(CRC32/LI) Yes (HEC) Yes (HEC) Yes (SNP) Yes (CRC10) No No (optional) No Yes (CRC32) Error Correction Payload (SDU) Header No No No No No No (optional) No No 1 bit (HEC) 1 bit (HEC) 1 bit (SN) No No No(optional) No No
ATM TCP/IP TCP/IP IP Packet CPCS-SDU CPCS-T CPCS-SDU CPCS-T CPCS-SDU CPCS-T SAR-H SAR-SDU SAR-H SAR-SDU SAR-H SAR-SDU VPI/VCI Payload VPI/VCI Payload VPI/VCI Payload CPCS-SDU: CPCS Service data Unit CPCS-T : CPCS Trailer SAR-SDU : SAR Service Data Unit SAR-H : SAR Header
ATM QOS QOS
ATM e.g., Fatal share
3. ATM IP IP 1. NBMA + CLPF + SCPF(Short-Cut CLPF (Classical Packet Forwarding) Short-Cut Path Forwarding) 2. ATM 3.
3. 3. ATM ATM IP IP TIP: ATM TIP: ATM! (1) (1)! ( )! (2) (2)!
Classical IP (RFC1577) by IETF ARP : IP ATM ATM (MARS ) : MARS-S ARP-S H2 H1 : ARP Request : ARP Reply : ATM-SVC : Data Flow
LAN Emulation by ATM Forum LECS : LAN Emulation Configuration Server BUS : Broadcast and Un-known Server LES : LAN Emulation Server LECS LES BUS : Registration H2 H1 H3 : Un-known Data : Broadcast Data : ARP Request : ARP Reply : ATM-SVC : Data Flow
CLPF CLassical Packet Forwarding Router A.0 Router B.0 ATM network Host A.1 Host B.1
NHRP: Next Hop Resolution Protocol NHRP: by IETF NHS : Next Hop Server NHS1 NHS2 NHS3 H1 a.b.c.d H2 w.x.y.z : NHRP Query : NHRP Reply : ATM-SVC : Data Flow
MPOA: Multi-Protocol Over ATM MPOA: by ATM Forum NHS1 H1 NHRP LANE a.b.c.d LES NHS2 H3 a.b.c.e NHS3 H2 w.x.y.z : ARP Request : ARP Reply : ATM-SVC : Data Flow : NHRP Query : NHRP Reply : ATM-SVC : Data Flow
SCPF Short-Cut Path Forwarding NBMA Host A.x.1 NHRP server Router NHRP server NBMA subnet (B.0) Host A.y.1 NBMA subnet (A.0) Host B.z.1
NBMA CLPF(CLassical CLassical Packet Forwarding) IP over ATM SCPF(Short-Cut Short-Cut Path Forwarding) ATM ATM ATM
ATM I/F HSSI ATM OC-12 ATM OC-3 IP over SONET Fast Ethernet
ATM ATM : 1. 1. (IP IP ) 2. 2. On-Demand On-Demand 3. 3. 4. 4. ATM ATM
+ (e.g., CAM)
- LSR; Label Switch Router - ATM IP ATM ATM VPI/VCI VPI/VCI IETF Internet Engineering Task Force MPLS Multi Protocol Label Switching
=> e,g, VPI/VCI (ATM ) L3 L2 e.g., IP e.g., ATM
2 (i.e., i.e., best-match best-match) (i.e., i.e., exact-match exact-match) ATM ATM
with ATM switch engine ATM/SONET IP IP IP IP I/F ATM/SONET Label Binding Protocol Fast Ethernet
- with ATM switch engine - IP VP VP VP ATM VP
- with ATM switch engine - IP Processing Label Binding Process SW control ATM switch (i.e., hardware)
LSR TCP/IP FDDI FDDI ATM net. ATM net. ATM net. Host 1 AAL TCP IP CPCS SAR ATM PHY Label Switch ATM net. Router ATM net. IP IP CPCS CPCS SAR SAR ATM ATM PHY PHY ATM net. ATM net. IP IP CPCS CPCS SAR SAR ATM ATM PHY PHY ATM net. ATM net. Host 2 AAL TCP IP CPCS SAR ATM PHY Host Label Switch Router Label Switch Router Host
( ) Reservation
( ) Reservation
LSR LSR IP processing ATM switch LSR Long-life session LSR LDP LSR IP processing ATM switch LDP LSR ATM subnet ATM subnet < Hop-Hop Packet Forwarding > ATM subnet ATM subnet LSR LDP ATM subnet LSR IP processing ATM switch LDP LSR ATM subnet Decrease flow activity LSR ATM subnet LSR IP processing ATM switch LSR ATM subnet < Cut-thru Packet Forwarding >
MODE ATM Hardware Long telnet,web Packet Software Short + / - ; TCP/UDP Port Number - ; Packet Flow DNS query (*) LDP(Label Distribution Protocol) Tag; TDP(Tag Distribution Protocol) CSR; FANP(Flow Attribute Notification Protocol) IP Switch; IFMP(Ipsilon Ipsilon s Flow Management Protocol)
Cut-thru Path Life-time (1) < Gateway Router; Digital Equipment Corp. > Session Web telnet ftp nntp # of sessions Ave. Max. 130 16 100 130 161 22 144 139 Traffic Volume 13.41 % 0.43 % 32.91 % 39.94 % Average Life-Time 324.73 sec. 1131.90 sec. 407.28 sec. 1058.33 sec. Total 276 430 86.69% 481.05 sec. Traffic volume of ftp,telnet,web and nntp generate more than 85% of total traffic. Average life-time for these sessions is more than 8 minutes and these sessions are appropriate to cut-thru forwarding.
( ) Reservation
Topology LSR LSR LSR LSR LSR LSR LSR LSR > Exit Routers
Flow Driven and Topology Driven - - Advantage and Disadvantage - Flow Driven Topology Driven Advantage 1. Exclusive QoS allocation 2. Cut-thru across routing domain 3. On-demand cut-thru path establishment 1. Less VC resource 2. Advanced cut-thru path establishment Disadvantage a. Large VC resource b. Cut-thru path establish latency c. Some hop-hop forwarding a. Sharing resource b. IP process at routing domain boundary c. Full-mesh VCs d. Simultaneous cut-thru path establishment
(by ) (e.g., RSVP) VC
(ISP) (*) : : not :
Dual Mode H/R <Flow & Topology Driven> LSR LSR H/R H/R <Flow-Driven> ( <Flow-Driven> H/R : topology-driven path : flow/reservation driven (*) On-demand Cut-thru Path Establishment (flow/reservation driven path) => => Per-flow QOS
IP Switch Ipsilon IETF RFC1953RFC1953 TAG Switch (Cisco ) RFC2105 ARIS (IBM ) CSR ( CSR ( ) RFC2098, RFC2129
Label Switching IP Switch TAG Switch ARIS CSR Data Driven Yes No No Yes Control Driven No Yes Yes Yes ATMSW No No No Yes
IP/Tag/ARIS Switch ATM Cloud IP/Tag Switch IP/Tag Switch Edge Router IP/Tag Switch Edge IP Router Switch
IP over ATM CL NBMA CLPF SCPF A C B A no Yes no no Yes no no A B C A B D C A D B C A soon soon All Done SCPF yet Yes Done Yes yet Yes LAN LAN MAN? All CLPF: LANE, RFC1577 SCPF: NHRP, MPOA
- WIDE NTT - ATM/SDH [1] [2] (LSR) (e.g., CSR( )) [3] IPv6 [4] (e.g., RSVP, WEB caching)
WIDE WIDE NTT NTT Hokuriku Sapporo Ohtemachi Fukuoka Kyoto Gif Iwanami Hachiouji Hiroshima Nara Fujisawa Ookayama Hamamatsu 128K Sendai
NOC NOC DSU DSU SM SM ATOMIS SM SM/MM MM DL3200 IPv4(e.g.,cisco 7k) CSR5300 HSSI Legacy IPv4 HSSI HS150 CSR-GW MM MM IPv Legacy IPv4 VCs VPs CSR(Label Switching for IPv4) IPv6(Legacy Packet Forwarding)
- ATM IP IP - ATM ATM : 1. (Virtual Network) 2. 3. ATM ATM! (1)! ()! (2)!