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1 2 1.1................................. 4 2 1 2.1................................... 1 2.2 CSMA....................................... 1 2.3 CSMA/CD.................................... 3 2.4 CSMA/CA.................................... 3 2.4.1 RTS/CTS........................ 4 3 TCP/IP QoS 4 3.1 IP......................................... 5 3.2 TCP UDP................................... 6 3.3 IP QoS................................... 8 3.3.1 QoS................................. 8 1

1: (bps) / (CATV) 30M 1 CATV 40M (ADSL) 52M(VDSL) () 100M( 10G) (RF) 2M(IMT-2000) 50M( LAN) 155M(FWA 2 ) [1] DOCSIS (Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specications) 2.0 [2] FWA (Fixed Wireless Access) 17 1 20 1 2001 49% 2,400 47% 6,000 2001 390 8% 2005 3000 1000 IT 1 ADSL 1 [9]ADSL CATV 2 2 1 http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/singi/it2/dai18/18gijisidai.html 2 http://www.xilinx.com/esp/prof brdcst/collateral/ieee1394.pdf 2

2: H.261 64kbps 2Mbps MPEG-4 10k 2Mbps MPEG-1 1.5Mbps (NTSC) MPEG-2 2 5Mbps DVD MPEG-2 2 8Mbps HDTV MPEG-2 25 34Mbps DV 30Mbps MPEG Layer 3 (MP3) 32 320kbps CD CD-DA 1441kbps AC-3 5.1 640kbps (ISDN) G.711 µ law PCM 64kbps (PHS) G.721 ADPCM 32kbps (PDC) CELP 5.6kbps ( ) (ISO) OSI (Open System Intercorrect Reference Model) ( ) [6,7,8] 1.1 OSI 1 7 IEEE802 2 LLC MAC (?? ) UNIX 1 OSI 4 TCP/IP TCP, UDP (User Datagram Protocol), IP 4 () OSI TCP/IP 4

7 6 5 4 3 2 IEEE802 LLC MAC HTTP SMTP etc. TCP IP LAN UDP ICMP PPP... 1 TCP/IP OSI 1: OSI (7 ) TCP/IP ( 4 ) 4 OSI TCP/IP OSI 4 TCP UDP IP IP MAC MAC Ethernet CSMA/CD, LAN CSMA/CA Token Ring FDDI 5

2: 4/3 TCP/IP 1,2 LAN TCP/IP TCP/IP AppleTalk IPX/SPX ( encapsulation 2 ) 6

K frequency 1,2,...,K: Channel time FDMA 1 2 TDMA FDMA: frequency-division multiple access () TDMA: time-division multiple access ( ) CDMA: code-division multiple access ( ) K 2 1 CDMA frequency power code K code 2 code 1 frequency 3: Comparison of multiple access schemes. 0

{ fixed assignment... (TDMA) controlled demand assignment... (token passing) contention { unslotted... (pure ALOHA) ALOHA slotted... (slotted ALOHA) CSMA unslotted... (nonpersistent, 1-persistent) CSMA/CD slotted... (slotted nonpersistent, CSMA/CA slotted 1-persistent) 4: Category of multiple access protocols that influenced LAN protocols. 2 OSI ( 2 ) MAC( ) ( 1 ) 2.1 ( ) (Multiple Access 3 ( 3 ) 1. FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access 2. TDMA Time Division Multiple Access LAN TDMA ( 4) 3. CDMA Code Division Multiple Access PN Pseudo Noise 2.2 CSMA TDMA CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access ) (, carrier sense, ) ( ) 2 ( ) 5 ( 5 STA1 STA4) STA1 STA4 () τ STA1 t CS1 STA2 t CS2 t CSi i 5 1

T 2 STA 1 STA 2 t CS1 t CS7 STA 3 t CS3 t CS4 STA 4 t CS2 t CS5 t CS6 t CS8 time 5: CSMA STA1 STA2 channel idle STA1 γ τ τ ξ ζ STA2 ξ ζ channel busy Pure ALOHA channel idle 6: CSMA ([27] ) 7: CSMA/CD t CS1 t CS2 STA2 t CS3 t CS4 STA3 t CS5 t CS6 t CS7 t CS8 STA1 t CS7 STA2 t CS8 STA1 T +2τ T CSMA 3 [26] 1. 1-persistent 2

2. p-persistent : 3. non-persistent : (throughput) 3 6 ALOHA CSMA 2 (CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA) 2.3 CSMA/CD CSMA/CD (CSMA with Collision Detection/ ) non-persistent CSMA (IEEE802.3 ). 5 t CS1 t CS2 10base5 10base2 7 STA1 STA2 τ ξ τ ζ γ γ max =2τ + ξ + ζ (1) γ + τ 5 CSMA T +2τ 2.4 CSMA/CA () CSMA/CA(CSMA with Collision Avoidance/ ) LAN IEEE802.11 [2] 802.11 RTS(Request to Send; ) CTS(Clear to Send; ) DCF(Distributed Coordination Function) PCF(Point Coordination Function) 3 1 [26] 3

A D A 2 : CTS D 3 : DATA 1: RTS 4 : ACK 2 : CTS 2 : CTS B C B C (a) (b) RTS/CTS 8: RTS/CTS PCF DCF 802.11 2.4.1 RTS/CTS RTS/CTS 8(a) B C C D B D C B B D (b) RTS/CTS B D RTS RTS D CTS CTS B C CTS D RTS/CTS (virtual carrier sense ) CTS B D ACK(ACKnowledgement) (b) RTS/CTS/DATA/ACK 4 4-Way RTS/CTS DATA/ACK 2-Way 3 TCP/IP QoS TCP/IP / ARPANET 4 1982 4 1969 U.S. Department Of Defense DOD Advanced Research Projects Agency ARPA ARPANET 4

TCP/IP internet IP Internet Protocol IP TCP Transmission Control ProtocolTCP/IP (Internet) 3.1 IP IP Internet Protocol 5 (32 IP ) ( IP ) MTU () IP 2 (1) (connection-less) (connection oriented. TCP ) (2) IP IP 9 5 6 1 32 Type of Service 5 6 IHL IP Total Length 65,535 IP 5 IP ( ) 5 RFC791 5

Version Type of Service Total Length 0 1 2 3 01234567890123456789012345678901 1 IHL 3 Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum 2 Identification Flags Flagment Offset 4 Source Address 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Precedence D T R M 0 Destination Address Option Data Version: IP version 44 IHL: IP Header Length. =32bits=4 5 Protocol: ICMP=0x01, TCP=0x06, UDP=0x11. 9: IP Padding Type of Service RFC 795( ), 1349(TOS) Bits Precedence. 0-2 Bits 3-6 Bit 7 111 - Network Control 110 - Internetwork Control 101 - CRITIC/ECP 100 - Flash Override 011 - Flash 010 - Immediate 001 - Priority 000 - Routine TOS. 1000 minimize delay 0100 maximize throughput 0010 maximize reliability 0001 minimize monetary cost 0000 normal service MBZ ( Must Be Zero ) 6 IP 3.2 TCP UDP TCP UDP UDP 10 1 16 2 UDP 11 TCP TCP 2 TCP TCP UDP IP UDP 6

0 1 2 3 01234567890123456789012345678901 1 Source Port Destination Port 2 Length Checksum Data 10: UDP 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 01234567890123456789012345678901 Source Port Destination Port Data Offset Reserved Checksum Options Sequence Number Acknowledgment Number U R G A C K P S H R S T S Y N F I N Data Window Urgent Pointer Padding 11: TCP Shaper Dropper, Marker Forwarding (PHB) Shaper 12: Diffserv 3: IP QoS RSVP ReSerVation Protocol. Intserv CAR (Committed DS, IPPrecedence,. Access Rate) (, ) RED, WRED (Weighted) Random Early Detection. WFQ, CBQ Weighted Fair Queuing, Class-Based Queuing., 7

3.3 IP QoS IP Stupid Network[6] Intelligence TCP ( IP ) IP IP () ( ) () 1 IP (QoS, Quality of Service), IP TCP 3.3.1 QoS IP VoIP VoD(Video on Demand) QoS IP Diffserv (Differentiated Service) Intserv (Integrated Service) IETF(Internet Engineering Task Force) [6] 3 QoS Intserv 6 RSVP(ReSerVation Protocol) 6 source destinationip source destination 4 8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Precedence D T R M 0 DSCP (unused) DSCP: Differentiated Services CodePoint 13: DSCP Diffserv Diffserv QoS (CoS, Class of Service, ) QoS QoS PHB(Per-Hop Behavior) 1998 (RFC 2474, 2475) 7 Diffserv 8 12 Diffserv RFC 2475 IP IP TOS Type Of Service IP Precedence ( 9) DSCP(Differentiated Services CodePoint) IP TCP UDP 9 DSCP Diffserv TOS RFC 2474. 13 IPv6 Traffic Class(8 bits) ( ) WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) QoS FIFO(First In First Out) RED (Random Early Detection) TCP TCP Slow-Start 10 7 CoS IEEE 802.1P 802.1Q 8 http://www.ietf.org/html.charters/diffserv-charter.html 9 IP IP. 10 http://www.cisco.com/japanese/warp/public/3/jp/product/product/ios/abc/ technologies/qos technology.html 9

[1],, : ; (1998) [2] B.O Hara A.Petrick, IEEE 802.11 Handbook, A Designer s Companion, IEEE Press, 1999. [3] IT EMC, EMC, pp.21-32, 2003 5 5. [4],,,,IP DV,,, IA2002-21, pp.19-24, 2002/10/9-11. [5] 1996 [6] 2002 9 [7] LAN 2002 [8] (JEITA),, 02- -04, http://it.jeita.or.jp/eltech/report/2002/02- jou-04.html, 2002. [9] NEC Vol.55, No.12, pp.3 5, 2002 [10], 2002.2.25 p.35 2002.3.11, pp.58-66. [11] Bluetooth SIG, http://www.bluetooth.com/ [12], EMC,, Vol.84, No.12, pp.869 872, Dec. 2001. [13] http://www.internix.co.jp/products/intellon/index.html. [14] R.Hamabe, M.Murata, and T.Namekawa: System Design of Home Bus System for a Single House, IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, CE-33, 4, pp.580 587, Nov., 1987. [15] Y.Honda, M.Inoue, R.Iwatsubo, and K.Sakanobe: Protocol Analyzer for Home Bus System (HBS), IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, CE-36, 3, pp.586 592, Aug., 1990. [16] HBS : ET-2101,, 1988 9. [17] IEEE 1394-1995 High Performance Serial Bus, IEEE, ISBN 1-55937-583-3, 1995. [18], ( ), IEEE1394 AV 2000 1 [19] http://www.kumikomi.net/article/explanation/2002/07inter/07.html, http://www.hometoys.com/htinews/jun02/articles/drflick/1394b.htm [20] Fire Wire IEEE1394 2000 12 10

[21] Christos Douligeris: Intelligent Home Systems, IEEE Communication Magazine, 31, 10, pp.52 61, Oct., 1993. [22] http://www.echonet.gr.jp/index.htm [23] www.yonden.co.jp/o-planet/index i.htm [24] 55, 8/9, pp.1100 1103 (2001). [25] Van Nee, Richard D.J. Prasad, R., OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, pp.46 47, Artech House Inc., 1999. [26],, p.44-46, 2001. [27] http://center2.ipc.hiroshima-cu.ac.jp/info-net/int-shiryo/shiryo4.pdf [28],,,, 2002 11 7. [29], Internet Watch,, http://www.watch.impress. co.jp/internet/www/article/2001/0416/plc.htm, 2001 4 16. [30] PALAS - Powerline as an Alternative Local AcceSs, http://palas.regiocom.net/ [31] Powerline Telecommunications(PLT); Coexistence of Access and In-House Powerline Systems, ETSI TS 101 867 V.1.1.1, 2000-11. http://www.etsi.org/tbnews/ 0011 PLT.htm. [32],?, http://www.zdnet.co.jp/news/0102/13/kousoku.html, ZDnet, Japan, 2001 2 13. [33],,, B, vol.j84-b, No.1, pp.38-49, 2001 1. [34] ISBN4-88657-219-7, 2002.7.26. [35] PC,, 730, pp.121 145, Nov. 16, 1998. [36] : PC,, 743, pp.107 126, May 17, 1999. [37],,, :,, 700, pp.101 170, Oct.6, 1997. 11