/
7 OSI7 Application protocol 6 Presentation protocol 5 Session protocol 4 Transport protocol 3 2 1 : Network Layer Host-Router Protocol (e.g., ES-IS),,: (e.g., IS-IS,NNI,) : Data link Layer Host-Router Protocol (e.g, UNI) : Physical Layer Host-Router Protocol (e.g., UNI)
TCP/IP5 Application protocol TCP, UDP IP IP IP
ping telnet ftp X traceroute tftp bootp smtp NFS/RPC OS_Kernel TCP UDP ICMP IP IGMP Driver Interface Ethernet FDDI SDH FR ATM
IP / MAC(Media Access Control)
bit/s 100M 10M 1M 100m 1km 10km
Optical Networking at Double Moore s Law Moore s Law says that computer speed=2x every 18 months, and the cost = 50% John Roth, president and chief executive officer, says that Nortel Networks is moving at twice the speed of Moore's Law, doubling the capacity of its fiber-optic systems and halving the cost every nine months. Networks: 3 years=16x capacity, 6%cost Computers: 3 years=4x speed, 25% cost Networks: 6 years=256x capacity, >1/2% cost Computers: 6 years=16x speed, 6% cost Source: HPCwire hpcwire@tgc.com>
(1) (2) ( ) ( ) ( ) - ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) - PSK (Phase Shift Keying) - PSKASK QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)
fn Frequency f2 f1 f0 Time
DS-SS PSK FSK (1) (2) PN FR FR PN BPF (3) (4) (5) f f f (1) (2) (3) (4) f (5) f PSK Phase Shift Keying FSK Frequency Shift Keying
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) f f FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing) f
(1) (2) (a) Synchronous ( ) (b) Asynchronous
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CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Contention Detection
P2P Link (Point-to-Point Link) NBMA(Non Broadcast Multiple Access) BMA(Broadcast Multiple Access) FDDI
ARQ (Automatic Repeat request CRC(Cyclic Redundancy Check) FEC (Forward Error Correction) ( )
DSU ; Digital Subscriber/Service Unit ONU ; Optical Network Unit TA ; Terminal Adapter
IEEE802 IP TCP ;
(1) LAN Ethernet / IEEE802.3 (IEEE802.4) (IEEE802.5 by IBM) FDDI (by ANSI) (by ANSI) HSSI (by Cisco) IEEE1394 (i.e., i-link Firewire) USB BlueTooth
(2) MAN/WAN ISDN Ethernet xdsl DOCSIS(Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) SDH/SONET Frame Relay ATM
/ 1 ADSL Asymmetric [G.dmt (G.992.1) ] : 8M : 640k ADSL Lite ADSL Lite [G.lite (G.992.2)] DSL ADSL : 1.5M : 512k 1 HDSL High-Bit- Rate DSL : 1.5/2M : 1.5/2M 2 IDSL ISDN ISDN DSL : 128k : 128k 1 VDSL Very High- Bit-Rate DSL DSL A: S: < > : 52M : 6.4M < > 13M/26Mbps 1 SDSL Symmetric : 2M : 2M 1
LAN b c
DSL
Broadband & Always-On) DSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 512Kbps1.5Mbps, 128Kbps256Kbps ( ) ADSL NTT ADSL
: : Digital over Analogue over Digital.. xdsl
ADSL ISP NTT DSLAM ATM NTT ATM ATM Node VC VP POI IP ATM ISP-B ISP-A ISP-C
32 256 0 4 26 138 1104 khz
O/E E/O CMTS HUB Servers STB STBSet Top Box CMTSCable Modem Termination System
, 60 ch FM 54MHz 450MHz 260 ch 450MHz650MHz 650MHz775MHz 875MHz1GHz
from 1995 - MCNS(Multimedia Cable Network System Partners) DOCSIS ; 19973(Ver.1.0) - Data-Over-Cable Service Interface Specification - 10Mbps42Mbps - Approved by SCTE(Society of Cable Telecommunications Engineers, CATV ) - J.112 by ITU-T DOCSIS Ver.1.1 - IP Multicast - QoS MGCP ; Multimedia Gateway Control Protocol -
(
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