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1 Corporate Governance Introduction to Corporate Governance Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Internal Controls (IC) Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) 1A-1

2 NOTES 1A-2

3 S U M M A R Y N O T E S I. INTRODUCTION TO CORPORATE GOVERNANCE( コーポレートガバナンス - イントロダクション ) 1 Board of directors( 取締役会 ) Inside directors 社内取締役 2 Audit committee( 監査委員会 ) 3 Nominating committee( 指名委員会 ) Outside directors 社外取締役 4 Compensation committee( 報酬委員会 ) Oversight ( 監視 ) 5 Officers( 執行役 ) (= Management 経営陣 ) A. Board of directors( 取締役会 ) Among the specific duties of board of directors are the appointment, removal, and oversight of officers; amendment and repeal of bylaws; fixing management compensation; initiating fundamental changes (e.g., merger) to the corporation's structure (e.g., mergers); and declaration of dividends. Directors (board of directors) are fiduciaries of the corporation and must act in the best interests of the corporation (fiduciary duty). board の主な職務は officers の選任 解任 監視 付属定款の変更 廃止 役員報酬の決定 組織の重要な変更事項 ( 吸収合併等 ) の提案 配当決議等に及ぶ director は会社の受任者と して 会社の利益が最大になるように行動しなければならない ( 信認義務 ) Fiduciary duty( 信認義務 ) Duty of care( 注意義務 ) Duty of loyalty( 忠実義務 ) B. Officers( 執行役 ) Officers are corporate agents. Officers, like directors (board), are fiduciaries of the corporation and must act in the best interests of the corporation (fiduciary duty). Officers may serve on the board of directors (inside directors). An officer is not required to be a shareholder (but s/he may be). officers は ( 代理法上 ) 会社の代理人である officer は director (board) と同様 会社の受任者として 会社の利益が最大になるように行動しなければならない ( 信認義務 ) officer と director は兼任可能である ( この場合は社内取締役 ) 会社の株をもっていることは officer に なるための要件ではない ( ただし 株をもっていてもかまわない ) 1A-3

4 C. Business judgment rule( 経営判断の原則 ) This rule provides that a director (officer) will not be held liable to the corporation for damages arising from errors in judgment if the decision is made in good faith and with due care and is within both the power of the corporation and the authority of the board of directors (officers). director (officer) が経営上の判断ミスによって会社に損害を与えたとしても その判断が誠実 に相当の注意を払って行われ かつ会社と board (officers) の権限の範囲内で行われたもので ある限り注意義務違反ではない ( 会社に対する責任を負うことはない ) とするルールである In determining whether the decision was made with due care, the focus is on the acts taken at the time of the decision, not on the end results of the decision. 相当の注意を払って判断が行われたか否かを決定する場合 判断時の行為が問題となるのであって 判断の結果 ( 損害の発生 ) は問題にならない点に注意! D. Conflicts of interests( 利益相反行為 ) A director (officer) owes a duty to avoid conflicts of interest. However, transactions of a corporation with the director (officer) are valid as long as at least one of the following can be established. director (officer) は利益相反行為を回避する義務を負っているが 以下のいずれかに該当する 場合 たとえ会社が director (officer) と取引をしたとしてもそれは有効であり その director (officer) の breach of loyalty にはならない 1. The conflict of interest is disclosed to the board and a majority of disinterested directors approve. その取引が board に開示され 利害関係のない他の directors の承認を受けた場合 2. The conflict of interest is disclosed to the stockholders and a majority of the stockholders approve. その取引が株主に開示され 過半数株主の承認を受けた場合 3. The transaction is fair and reasonable to the corporation. その取引が会社にとって公正かつ合理的と認められる場合 1A-4

5 II. SARBANES-OXLEY ACT OF 2002(2002 年サーベンス オクスリー法 ) Principal components ( 主な規制内容 ) 企業統治 (corporate governance) の強化内部統制 (internal controls) の強化 financial reports に対する企業責任 (corporate responsibility) の強化財務情報の開示 (disclosures) の強化監査法人の監視 (oversight) の強化違反者に対する刑罰 (criminal penalties) の強化 A. Three financial reporting issues(3 つの財務報告上の課題 ) SOX seeks to restore investor confidence by ensuring transparency for the following three financial reporting issues. SOX 法は 以下の 3 つの財務報告上の課題に関する情報開示 ( 透明性 ) を強化することによ り 企業に対する投資家の信頼の回復を求める 1. Information on the audit committee s competence. audit committee の専門能力に関する情報 2. Information on the ethical behavior of the senior officers (CEO, CFO, or a similar position). 上級役員 (CEO CFO などの経営陣 ) の倫理的行動に関する情報 3. Information on adequacy of internal controls. 内部統制の妥当性に関する情報 これらの情報開示を強化 (enhance) することによって 信頼できる財務報告 (reliable financial reporting) の実現が可能となる B. Title I. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB)( 第 1 章公開会社会計監視 委員会 ) 1. Establishment of the PCAOB(PCAOB の設立 ) The Sarbanes-Oxley Act established the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to control the auditing profession and oversee the audit of public companies that are subject to the securities acts. SOX 法によって 監査業界を規制し 証券規制法の適用を受ける public companies の 監査を実施する監査法人の業務を監視する PCAOB が設立された PCAOB は 年 100 社を超える public companies の監査を実施している監査法人に 年次検査 (annual inspections) を実施している 2. Registration with the PCAOB(PCAOB への登録 ) Only a registered public accounting firm may audit public companies and prepare auditor s reports. PCAOB に登録をした会計事務所 ( 監査法人 ) だけが public companies の監査を実施 して監査報告書を作成することができる 1A-5

6 C. Title III. Corporate Responsibility( 第 3 章企業責任 ) 1. Public companies are required to establish an independent audit committee. 公開会社は 独立性を有する audit committee を設置しなければならない audit committee のメンバー全員が独立社外取締役 (independent outside director) でなければならないということである Audit committee Independent outside director Independent outside director Independent outside director Independent outside director Independent outside director Oversight Oversight Oversight Oversight Oversight 1 Accounting and reporting process operated by the officers and other employees. officers と従業員による会計 報告プロセス 2 Process of the financial statements audits performed by the external auditor. 監査人 ( 会計士 監査法人 ) による財務諸表監査プロセス 2. The audit committee is directly responsible for the appointment, compensation (audit fees) and oversight of the audit performed by the auditor. audit committee は 監査人 ( 会計士 監査法人 ) の選任 監査報酬 および監査業務の 監視について直接責任を負う 3. The auditor is responsible for reporting the issues directly to the audit committee, not to the management (CEO, CFO). 監査人は 問題事項を経営者 (CEO CFO) にではなく audit committee に直接報告する責任を負う 4. Each member can only receive compensation for his/her position on the board and cannot receive any other compensation (e.g., consulting or advisory fees) from the issuer. audit committee の各メンバーは 取締役報酬以外の報酬 ( コンサルティング料 アドバ イザリー料等 ) を issuer から受取ってはならない 高度な independence を保持するため! 5. Executive Certification( 経営者による宣誓書 ) Section 302. The CEO and the CFO (or similar positions) must sign and certify accuracy of financial statements and disclosures in the reports filed to the SEC that: CEO と CFO( または同等のポジションの者 ) は SEC に提出するレポートにサインし 以下の記載事項が正確であることを宣誓しなければならない 記載内容が事実に反する場合 サインした officer は 罰金 (fine) もしくは禁固 (imprisonment) またはその両方を刑罰 (criminal penalties) として科される場合がある 1A-6

7 a.~c. は financial reports に関する certification! a. The signing officer has reviewed the report. サインした officer が レポートをレビューしたこと b. The report does not contain misstatements or omissions of a material fact. レポートには 重要な事実に関する虚偽記載や記載洩れがないこと c. The financial statements fairly present the financial position and operating results of the issuer in conformity with GAAP. 財務諸表が GAAP に従って作成されており 会社の財政状態および経営成績を適正表示 (fair presentation) していること d.~f. は internal control に関する certification! d. The signing officers have assumed responsibility for designing, establishing and maintaining internal controls, have assessed the effectiveness and have presented in the report their conclusions about the effectiveness of the internal controls. サインした officer が 内部統制の設計 構築 維持の責任者であること 内部統制の有効性を評価し 結論をレポートで表明したこと e. The signing officers have disclosed all significant deficiencies in the design or operation of internal controls and any fraud that involves management or other employees who have a significant role in the internal controls to the auditors and the audit committee: 内部統制の設計 運用上の重大な不備 または内部統制で重要な役割を担う経営者 従業員による不正があった場合 サインした officer がそれらを auditor( 会計士 監査法人 ) と audit committee に開示したこと f. The signing officers have indicated in the report whether there were significant changes in internal controls subsequent to their evaluation (including the corrective actions). サインした officer が 有効性の評価後 内部統制に重大な変更 ( 是正措置を含む ) があったか否かをレポートの中で示したこと D. Title IV. Enhanced Financial Disclosures( 第 4 章財務情報開示の強化 ) 1. Enhanced Conflict of Interest Provisions( 利益相反規定の強化 ) Section 402. It is generally unlawful for an issuer to make personal loans to directors or executive officers. 会社が director 等の役員に個人融資を行うのは原則として違法である Exceptions( 例外 director 等の役員に融資をしてもよい場合 ) a. The consumer credit loans are made in the ordinary course of the business of the issuer. 消費者金融業を営む会社が 通常の営業過程 ( 日常取引 ) の一環として director 等に融資を行ったに過ぎない場合 b. The terms of the loans are made available to the general public and are no more favorable than those offered by the issuer to the public. 一般大衆向け金融業を営む会社による director 等への融資条件が 一般大衆向け の融資条件に比べて有利でない場合 1A-7

8 2. Management Assessment of Internal Controls( 経営者による内部統制評価 ) Section 404. The management is required to contain the internal control report (management report on internal control) in each annual report and include the following. 経営者は annual report に内部統制報告書を添付し以下を記載しなければならない a. Management assumes responsibility for the internal controls. 経営者が 内部統制の責任者であること b. Management has made conclusions with respect to the assessment of the effectiveness of the internal controls. 経営者が 内部統制の有効性に関する評価を自ら行い結論付けをしたこと Management does not have to include disagreements, if any, between management and the auditor in the internal control report. 経営者と auditor の間の不一致事項は 経営者の内部統制報告書の記載事項では ない c. The auditor has attested to the assessment made by the management (internal control audit). b. を受けて auditor が 経営者による内部統制評価の監査証明を行ったこと ( 内部 統制監査をしたこと ) auditor は management による内部統制の effectiveness の評価プロセスをチェ ックし 独自に内部統制の監査手続を実施して 内部統制監査報告書 (auditor s report on internal controls) を作成 開示しなければならない Assessment and the Audit of internal controls Management 経営者 Assessment of internal controls 内部統制の評価 Internal control report 内部統制報告書 Attestation 監査証明 Auditor 監査人 Internal control audit 内部統制監査 Auditor s report on internal controls 内部統制監査報告書 1A-8

9 3. Code of Ethics for Senior Officers( 上級役員の倫理規程 ) Section 406. An issuer (public company) is required to disclose whether the issuer has adopted a code of ethics (code of conduct) applied to senior officers (CEO, CFO, or a similar position). If the issuer does not adopt, the issuer must disclose the reason why the issuer does not adopt a code of ethics. 公開会社は 上級役員 (CEO CFO または同等の役職 ) に適用される倫理規程 ( 行動規程 ) を設けているか否かを開示しなければならない 倫理規程がない場合には その 理由を開示しなければならない 4. Disclosure of Audit Committee Financial Expert( 監査委員会の財務専門家に関する開示 ) Section 407. a. At least one member of the audit committee should be a financial expert to enhance the level of financial sophistication and its oversight function. audit committee の財務的な知識 技能のレベルを向上し もって監視機能を高め るため メンバーの中に財務専門家を 1 名以上含めるべきである b. An issuer is required to disclose whether the audit committee is comprised of at least one member who is a financial expert. If the committee does not have a financial expert, the issuer must disclose the reason why the committee does not have a financial expert. issuer は audit committee のメンバーの中に financial expert が 1 名以上いるか否か について開示しなければならない financial expert がいない場合 その理由を開示 しなければならない c. Typically, the qualification is determined based on the candidate s mix of education (knowledge) and experience by the board of directors of each issuer. ふつう会社の board が 候補者の教育 ( 知識 ) と経験をもとに適任かどうかを判断 する d. Though SOX is silent as to qualification requirements, a financial expert generally qualifies through education (knowledge) and experience as a CPA, a principal financial officer, or from a similar position. SOX 法は financial expert の資格要件を厳格に定めているわけではないが 教育 ( 知識 ) と 会計士や財務担当役員等の役職を通じて実務経験がある者を適任と している 1A-9

10 E. Title VIII. Corporate and Criminal Fraud Accountability( 第 8 章企業詐欺および刑事詐欺責任 ) 1. Criminal Penalties for Altering Documents( 文書改ざんに対する刑事罰 ) Section 802. a. Auditors of issuers are required to retain workpapers and other supporting documents for at least 7 years from end of the fiscal period in which the audit was conducted. auditor( 会計士 監査法人 ) は workpapers および関連文書を 監査の対象とな った会計年度末から 7 年以上の期間にわたって保管しなければならない Failure to retain workpapers will result in a fine, imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or both. auditor が workpapers の保管義務に違反した場合 罰金もしくは 10 年以下の禁固 またはその両方が科される ( 捜査の妨害など悪質な改ざん 破棄 秘匿の場合 は禁固 20 年以下 ) 2. Securities Fraud( 証券詐欺 ) a. The action for securities fraud must be brought not later than the earlier of 2 years after the discovery of the facts constituting the violation, or 5 years after the violation. 証券詐欺に対する訴訟は 違反の事実を発見した時から 2 年 または違反行為の 時から 5 年のうち いずれか早いほうまでに提起しなければならない ( 時効にか かってしまう ) b. Any person who knowingly executes securities fraud will be fined, imprisoned not more than 25 years, or both. 証券詐欺を犯した者 ( 故意にレポートの虚偽記載を犯した CEO や CFO 等 ) は 罰 金もしくは 25 年以下の禁固 またはその両方が科される 3. Whistleblower Protection( 内部告発者の保護 ) An employee (whistleblower) who lawfully provides evidence of fraud may not be discharged, demoted, suspended, threatened, harassed or discriminated against for providing such information. 不正の証拠を提供した従業員 ( 内部告発者 ) に対する解雇 降格 停職 脅迫 嫌がら せ等の差別行為は禁止されている 1A-10

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