PSI SUA Maritime Interception/Interdiction Operations for Counter- Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction on the High Seas: United Nations Secur

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1 Title Author(s) 公海上における大量破壊兵器の拡散対抗のための海上阻止活動 ( 2 完 ) : 安保理事会決議 1540 PSI 二国間乗船合意 2005 年 SUA 条約議定書吉田, 靖之 Citation 国際公共政策研究. 18(2) P.62-P.77 Issue Date Text Version publisher URL DOI rights

2 PSI SUA Maritime Interception/Interdiction Operations for Counter- Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction on the High Seas: United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, PSI Bilateral Ship-Boarding Agreements and 2005 SUA Protocol Yasuyuki YOSHIDA Abstract This article examines current international legal efforts to interdict the maritime transport of weapons of mass destruction WMD their delivery system and related materials on the high seas. The US-led Proliferation Security Initiative PSI has focused upon the proliferation of WMD and related materials, especially on the high seas. While this initiative is basically based upon existing legal regimes under municipal or international law, new legal tools for the effective maritime interception/interdiction operations of WMD and related materials have been developed. These new legal tools for maritime interdiction operations of WMD and related materials are United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, PSI Bilateral Ship-Boarding Agreements and the 2005 SUA Protocol. By analyzing these international legal materials, this article examines the current legal status and limits of maritime interception/interdiction operations of WMD and related material, as well as future perspectives. SUA Keywords : Weapons of Mass Destruction, Counter-Proliferation, UN Security Council Resolution 1540, 2005 SUA Protocol, Maritime Interception/Interdiction Operations

3 WMD PSI SIP PSI SUA SUA PSI SUA IMO SUA WMD PSI WMD PSI PSI WMD PSI RoachJohn Ashley Proliferation Security InitiativePSI Countering Proliferation by Sea in NordquistMyron H MooreJohn Nand FuKuen chen edsrecent Developments in the Law of the Sea and ChinaMartinus Nijhoff Publishers p Guilfoylesupra note p Roachsupra note p

4 PSI PSI PSI WMD Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Liberia Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned at Washington Februaryhereinafter Liberian PSI Agreement Amendment to the Supplementary Arrangement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Panama to the Arrangement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Panama for Support and Assistance from the United States Coast Guard for the National Maritime Service of the Ministry of Government and Justice signed at Washington Mayhereinafter Panamanian PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Marshall Islands Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned at Honolulu Augusthereinafter Marshall Islands PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the Government of Croatia Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials by Seasigned at WashingtonJune hereinafter Croatian PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Republic of Cyprus Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned at Washington July hereinafter Cypriot PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Belize Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned at WashingtonAugust hereinafter Belizean PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of the Malta Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned at Washington Marchhereinafter Maltese PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States and the Government of the Mongolia Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned at Washington October hereinafter Mongolian PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned at Nassau Augusthereinafter Bahamas PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Antigua and Barbuda Concerning Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned ataprilhereinafter Antigua and Barbuda PSI Agreement Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Cooperation to Suppress the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass DestructionTheir Delivery Systemsand Related Materials By Seasigned at Kingstown Mayhereinafter Saint Vincent and the Grenadines PSI Agreement Supplementary Arrangement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the Republic of Panama to the Arrangement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Panama for Support and Assistance from the United States Coast Guard for the National Maritime Service of the Ministry of Government and Justicesigned at Panama City February hereinafter Panamanian Supplementary Arrangement

5 WMD WMD suspect ships PSI PSI EEZ the requesting Party the requested Party Eg Liberian PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Id Artpara Beckersupra note p Eg Liberian PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Id Art Panamanian PSI Agreementsupra note Art parab Croatian PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Cypriot PSI Agreement supra note Art para Belizean PSI Agreementsupra note Art Maltese PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Mongolian PSI Agreementsupra noteartantigua and Barbuda PSI Agreementsupra noteartpara a Saint Vincent and the Grenadines PSI Agreementsupra noteart para a Liberian PSI Agreementsupra note Art Marshall Islands PSI Agreementsupra note Art Cypriot PSI Agreementsupra note ArtparaMaltese PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Antigua and Barbuda PSI Agreementsupra noteart para b Saint Vincent and the Grenadines PSI Agreementsupra noteart parab PSI Roachsupra note p Bahamas PSI Agreementsupra noteart para PSI international waterse g Liberian PSI Agreement supra note Artpara EEZ ThomasA Rand DuncanJamesCeds Annotated Supplement to the Commander s Handbook on the Law of Naval OperationsInternational Law StudiesVol Naval War College para Eg Liberian PSI Agreementsupra note Artpara Id Artpara a

6 PSI Id Artpara a i Id Artpara a ii Id Artpara a iii Id Artpara a iv Belizean PSI Agreementsupra note Art para a Eg Liberian PSI Agreementsupra note Art para b ii Roachsupra notepp Liberian PSI Agreementsupra note Artpara ci Panamanian Supplementary Arrangementsupra noteart para Belizean PSI Agreementsupra note Artpara ei Mongolian PSI Agreementsupra noteartparabahamas PSI Agreementsupra noteart para bantigua and Barbuda PSI Agreementsupra noteart para csaint Vincent and the Grenadines PSI Agreementsupra noteart para c Marshall Islands PSI Agreementsupra note Artpara ccroatian PSI Agreementsupra note Artpara bcypriot PSI Agreementsupra note Art para bmaltese PSI Agreementsupra note Art para b Liberian PSI Agreementsupra note Artpara ci Panamanian Supplementary Arrangementsupra noteart para a Marshall Islands PSI Agreementsupra note Art para cmongolian PSI Agreementsupra noteart para c i Antigua and Barbuda PSI Agreementsupra noteart para d

7 PSI WMD Belizean PSI Agreementsupra note Art para e i Id Artpara e ii Id Artpara e iii Cypriot PSI Agreementsupra note Art para c i Maltese PSI Agreementsupra note Art para c i Cypriot PSI Agreementsupra note Art para c ii Maltese PSI Agreementsupra note Art para c ii Guilfoylesupra note p Saint Vincent and the Grenadines PSI Agreementsupra noteart para c i Id Artpara c ii Id Artpara d i Id Artpara d ii Croatian PSI Agreementsupra note Art para d Eg Liberian PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Id Art para Panamanian Supplementary Arrangementsupra noteart para Marshall Islands PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Croatian PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Mongolian PSI Agreementsupra noteart para Antigua and Barbuda PSI Agreementsupra noteart para Saint Vincent and the Grenadines PSI Agreementsupra noteart para

8 WMD IMO SUA SUA SUA SUA SUA SUA IMO SUA Cypriot PSI Agreementsupra note Art para Maltese PSI Agreementsupra note Art para AllenCraig H Maritime Counterproliferation Operations and the Rule of LawPrager Security International p TrevesTullio The Rome Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation in Rontitti Natalino ed Maritime Terrorism and International LawMartinus Nijhoff Publisher p HalberstamMalvina Terrorism on the High SeasThe Achille LauroPiracy and the IMO Convention on Maritime Safety American Journal of International LawVol pp FrancioniFrancesco Maritime Terrorism and International LawThe Rome Convention ofgerman Yearbook of International Law Volp

9 IMO SUA IMO Legal Committee LEG LEG SUA LEG SUA LEG SUA SUA LEG IMO SUA SUA LEG WMD WMD WMD UN DOC S RESSeptember para JesusJosé Luis Protection of Foreign Ships against Piracy and Terrorism at SeaLegal Aspects The International Journal of Marine and Coastal LawVol No p IMO DOC RES A November IMO DOC LEGMarchparas PSINo SUA IMO DOC LEG supra notepara SUA KiesermanBrad JPreventing and Defeating Terrorism at SeaPractical Considerations for Implementation of the Draft Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime NavigationSUAin Nordquistet al eds supra note p IMO DOC LEG CONF DC October Protocol ofto the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime NavigationIMO DOC LEG CONFNovember SUA

10 SUA SUA a BCN a USS Cole DDG SUA security of navigation SUA b b bbcn BCN WMD a http www cole navy milas of October KleinNatalieMaritime Security and the Law of the SeaOxford University Press p IMO DOC LEGMay paras

11 SUA reasonable grounds to suspect WMD IMO DOC LEG February pp IMO DOC LEGNovember paras IMO DOC LEG SUA WG WP Add July para Id IMO DOC LEGAugust reasonably suspected of being involved in IMO DOC LEG Annex p IMO DOC LEG supra note reasonable grounds to believe that IdAnnexp IMO DOC LEG August reasonable grounds to believe reasonable grounds to suspectimo DOC LEG Annexp SUA IMO DOC LEG Annexp n IMO DOC LEG Annexp IMO DOC LEG SUA WG JulyAnnexp

12 a b b c SUA IMO e opt in WMD SpadiFabio Bolstering the Proliferation Security Initiative at SeaA Comparative Analysis of Ship Boarding as a Bilateral and Multilateral Implementing Mechanism Nordic Journal of International LawVol p Roachsupra note p

13 IMO d LEG opt out PSI PSI SUA IMO DOC LEG SUA WG July para IMO DOC LEG May para Spadisupra notepp IMO DOC LEG supra noteannexdraft Consolidated text of Article toof the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime NavigationDone at Rome onmarch As Modified by the Proposed ProtocolSubmitted by the United Statesp Byerssupra note p IMO DOC LEGsupra noteparas IMO DOC LEG supra note Id AnnexDraft Protocol of the Convention of Lawful Act against the Safety of Maritime Navigationp IMO DOC LEG SUA WG supra notep

14 SUA SUA SUA WMD SUA SUA WMD WMD WMD IMO DOC LEG Octoberpara Id IMO DOC LEGNovember paras Cf United States valbert Greenet al F dst Cir paras SUA

15 WMD WMD WMD WMD WMD WMD SUA PSI WMD WMD SUA WMD PSI Joynersupra note p

16 WMD WMD PSI SUA

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international comity 2 1 No Okuwaki Naoya 1 13 1963 1970 1971 1973 1979 1980 1988 SUA 1988 1988 1991 1997 1999 2005 1 2001 9 maritime terrorism SUA 2005 NBC aut dedere aut punire crime heaven 2 No. 583 2009 7 8 20 international comity