international comity 2 1 No

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1 Okuwaki Naoya SUA maritime terrorism SUA 2005 NBC aut dedere aut punire crime heaven 2 No

2 international comity 2 1 No

3 right of approach 3 2 hostis humani generis outlaw 7 piracy jus gentium piracy by municipal law UNCLOS for private ends 2 two-boat situation 8 9 No

4 armed robbery against ships self-contained unit No

5 15 2 suicidal bomber Santa Maria Achille Lauro 16 PLO 17 NATO heinousness SUA No

6 Cole all necessary steps PSI: Proliferation Security Initiative CSI Container Security Initiative 22 Initiative No

7 SOLAS 23 3 SUA 1988 SUA SUA 3 SUA 24 SUA 4 SUA SUA rogue state failed states 2005 SUA No

8 25 NBC 3 2 NBC NBC GPS So San 26 reasonable suspicion the first Party 8 bis IMO 4 SUA 30 No

9 31 PSI 9 Ship Boarding Agreement 32 FOC 2 4 SUA SUA interdiction SUA SUA NBC No

10 SUA 33 IMO reasonable suspicion 1 HP 2 sectorial approach T. Treves, The Rome Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, in N. Ronzitti, Maritime Terrorism and International Law, Martinus Nijhoff, 1990, at p. 70; E. McWhinney, Aerial Piracy and International Terrorism: The Illegal Diversion of Aircraft and International Law, 2nd ed., Kluwer, 1987, at p UNCLOS right of approach right of visit visit and search right of search, right of visit and search right of visit O Connell right of visit visit and search D. P. O Connell, The International Law of the Sea, Bk. 2, ed. by I. A. Shearer, Oxford University Press, 1982, p. 802 L. B. Sohn, Comment: Peacetime Use of Force on the High Seas, International Law Studies: The Law of Naval Operations, Vol. 64, Naval War College, 1990, pp inferior communities Cicero hostis humani generis No

11 Gentilli Grotius open sea 17 treason Alfred Rubin, The Law of Piracy, 2nd ed., Transnational, 1998, at pp privateer B. H. Dubner, The Law of International Sea Piracy, Martinus Nijhoff, 1980, esp. at p. 3; Edwin D. Dickinson, Is the Crime of Piracy Obsolete? Harverd Law Review, Vol , p UNCLOS110 policing 9 Harvard Research Group Draft Convention hot pursuit Harvard Research in International Law, Draft Convention on Piracy with Comments, American Journal of International Law AJIL, Vol , Supp., pp. 739 et seq., Harvard Research Group Draft Harvard Research Group, Draft Convention on Piracy 1932, Art. 30; Dubner, op. cit. 7, at pp. 55, 90. UNCLOS M. Harberstam, Terrorism on High Seas: The Achille Lauro, Piracy and the IMO Convention of Maritime No

12 Safety, AJIL, Vol , pp Samuel P. Menefee, Piracy, Terrorism and the Insurgent Passenger: A Historical and Legal Perspective, in Ronzitti, op. cit. 2, at pp. 43 et seq., pp safety 15 private ends Zou Keyuan, Implementing the UNCLOS in East Asia: Issues and Trends, Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law, Vol , p. 44; Eric Barrios, Casting a Wider Net: Addressing the Maritime Piracy Problem in South East Asia, Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol , p. 156; G. Constantinople, Note: Toward a New Definition of Piracy: The Achille Lauro Incident, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol , p. 748 Dubner, Piracy in Contemporary National and International Law, California Western International Law Journal, Vol , p. 143; Menefee, Yo heave Ho!: Updating America s Piracy Law, ibid., pp ; J. Noyes, An Introduction to the International Law of Piracy, ibid., p Menefee, op. cit. 12, pp PLO PLO Law of Nations piracy jus gentium Gerald McGinley, The Achille Lauro Affair Implications for International Law, Tennessee Law Review, Vol , p Ibid., pp Menefee, op. cit. 12, at pp Sea Shepherd 21 Justin Mellor, Missing the Boat: The Legal and Practical Problems of the Prevention of Maritime Terrorism, American University International Law Review, Vol , pp. 341 et seq., containerization pp PSI No

13 2004 PSI PSI Statement of Interdiction Principles WMD SUA likely to endanger the safety of navigation could endanger de nature à compromettre Treves, op. cit. 2, at pp SUA Natalie Klein, The Right of Visit and the 2005 Protocol on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, Vol , pp. 287 et seq., esp. at pp bis safety and security bis 5 opt-in 31 ship-riders agreement Contact Group on Somali Piracy No

14 Exchange of Notes on Co-operation in the Suppression of Unlawful Importation of Narcotic Drugs into the United States 1981 William Gilmore, Narcotics Interdiction at Sea: UK-US Cooperation, Marine Policy, Vol , at pp. 218 et seq Convention Respecting the Liquor Traffic 32 UNCLOS110 1 b PSI No

556†i’^”R”††j

556†i’^”R”††j Mayama Akira law of armed conflict international law in time of war 1 19 20 international humanitarian law 2 3 20 jus ad bellum jus in bello No. 556 2006 11 33 1 1 4 5 51 armed attack, agression armée