BLEU Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward and Wei-Jing Zhu. (2002) BLEU: a method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation. ACL. MT ( ) MT
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2 BLEU Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward and Wei-Jing Zhu. (2002) BLEU: a method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation. ACL. MT ( ) MT ( ) BLEU 2
3 BLEU BLEU MT NTCIR-7 3
4 ngram 1 MT ngram MT 1. 1 It is a guide to action 2 which 3 ensures that the military 4always obyes the 5 commands 6 of the party. 2. It is to ensure the troops forever hearing the activity guidebook that party direct 1. 1 It is a guide to action that 3 ensures that the military will forever heed Party 5 commands. 2. It is the guiding principle 2 which guarantees the military forces 4 always being under the command 6 of the party. 3. It is the practical guide for the army 4 always to heed the directions 6 of the party. 4
5 1. ngram MT ngram 2. 5
6 ngram ngram = ngram MT ngram MT: the the the the the the the Ref1: The cat is on the mat. Ref2: There is a cat on the mat. MT the the Ref1 Ref2 1gram = 7 7 6
7 ngram ngram ngram P n = MT ngram MT: the the the the the the the Ref1: The cat is on the mat. Ref2: There is a cat on the mat. P 1 = 2 7 P 2 = 0 7
8 MT1: P 1 = = 0.94, P 2 = = 0.59 MT2: P 1 = 8 14 = 0.57, P 2 = 1 13 = 0.08 MT 1. 1 It is a guide to action 2 which 3 ensures that the military 4always obyes the 5 commands 6 of the party. 2. It is to ensure the troops forever hearing the activity guidebook that party direct 1. 1 It is a guide to action that 3 ensures that the military will forever heed Party 5 commands. 2. It is the guiding principle 2 which guarantees the military forces 4 always being under the command 6 of the party. 3. It is the practical guide for the army 4 always to heed the directions 6 of the party. 8
9 ngram P n = MT MT ngram ngram MT MT ngram ngram MT ngram MT ngram MT 9
10 ngram N 1 n=1 N log P n P n = ngram N = ngram ( 4 ) ngram 10
11 ngram P n MT ngram ngram MT P n MT ngram P 1 = 2/2, P 2 = 1/1 MT : of the 1: It is a guide to action that ensures that the military will forever heed Party commands. 2: It is the guiding principle which guarantees the military forces always being under the command of the party. 3: It is the practical guide for the army always to heed the directions of the party. 11
12 MT MT ( ) c = MT MT r = MT BP (brevity penalty) BP = 1 if c r exp(1 r/c) if c < r MT BP = 1 ( ) MT < BP < 1 12
13 BLEU BLEU = BP exp( N 1 n=1 N log P n) MT ngram BLEU BLEU... MT 13
14 BLEU 10 ( ) 2 10 ( ) (S1,S2,S3,H1,H2) H1 H2 H1 H2 1( ) 5( )
15 (paired t-test) u i s r(u, i, s) s r(u, i, s ) s s d(u, i, s, s ) = r(u, i, s) r(u, i, s ) m(s, s ) = u,i d(u, i, s, s ) v(s, s ) = 1 n u,i (d(u, i, s, s ) m(s, s )) 2 n = u,i 1. s s m(s, s ) = 0 0 t = m(s, s ) v(s,s ) n 1 t 15
16 BLEU BLEU 2 S S S H H S1 0 S2 m(s1, S2) S3 = S2+m(S3, S2) 16
17 BLEU Normalized score Bilingual Monolingual BLEU S1 S2 S3 H1 H2 0-1 BLEU 2 BLEU S3 H1 H1 H2 S2 S3 17
18 BLEU Monolingual Judgment monolingual.txt f(x) BLEU BLEU 18
19 BLEU Bilingual Judgment bilingual.txt f(x) BLEU BLEU 2 19
20 BLEU MT BLEU BLEU ngram 20
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RJ-008 Is Back Translation Really Unuseful? Validation of Back Translation from the Perspective of a Checking Method for Users Mai Miyabe Takashi Yoshino 1. [1, 2] [3] [4] 1 2 2 [3,5,6,7] [8, 9] 1: 2 3
f ê ê = arg max Pr(e f) (1) e M = arg max λ m h m (e, f) (2) e m=1 h m (e, f) λ m λ m BLEU [11] [12] PBMT 2 [13][14] 2.2 PBMT Hiero[9] Chiang PBMT [X
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1,a) Graham Neubig 1,b) Sakriani Sakti 1,c) 1,d) 1,e) 1. Statistical Machine Translation: SMT[1] [2] [3][4][5][6] 2 Cascade Translation [3] Triangulation [7] Phrase-Based Machine Translation: PBMT[8] 1
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The Development of Chonaikai in Tokyo before The Last War Hachiro Nakamura The urban neighborhood association in Japan called Chonaikai has been more often than not criticized by many social scientists.
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