2902 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , 2017 McLean, 1961; Schulman and Kilbourne, 1962; Moser et al., 1979; Knight, 198

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PM 2.5 PM 2.5 UV-LED UV-LED 375 nm TiO 2 TiO 2 5 10 1 cm 200 5 ppm 9012.4 µmol h -1 1:2 2 25.43 µmol h -1 1 m 3 20 ppm 8 60 779 L A/PR/8/1934 H1N1 RNA 7 28 RNA PM2.5 TiO2 PM 2.5 VOC Hess et al.

1 PM 2.5 PM 2.5 UV-LED UV-LED 375 nm TiO 2 TiO cm ppm µmol h -1 1: µmol h -1 1 m 3 20 ppm L A/PR/8/1934 H1N1 RNA 7 28 RNA PM2.5 TiO2 PM 2.5 VOC Hess et al., 2016; Nazaroff, 2016; Rohr and McDonald, 2016; WHO, 2006; Mukherjee and Agrawal, 2017 WHO, 2016a VOC TiO 2 Fujishima and Honda, 1972; Ochiai et al., 2014 TiO 2 e h + O 2 + e O 2 OH + h + OH TiO nm e h + e O 2 O 2 h+ H 2O OH O 2 OH 1 < 10 µm

2 2902 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , 2017 McLean, 1961; Schulman and Kilbourne, 1962; Moser et al., 1979; Knight, 1980; Goldmann, Moser et al., 1979 A 50% TCID TCID 50 Alford et al., 1966; Couch et al., 1971; Murphy et al., 1973; Couch and Kasel, m 100 µm Xie et al., 2007 sahi et al., 2001; Huang et al., 2009; Li et al.,2012 Lu et al., 2011; Daikoku, 2015; Vallejo et al., 2015 VOC VOC Zhao and Yang, 2003; Hodgson et al., 2007; Mo et al., 2009; Tseng et al., 2010; Huang et al., 2016 Zan et al., 2007; Rizzo, 2009; Guglielmotti et al., 2011 Daikoku, 2015 TiO 2 40 pg m pg m pg m -3 80% Daikoku, 2015 PM 2.5 HEPA TiO nm UV-LED 375 nm TiO 2 UV-LED HEPA JEMA JEM m 3 PM 2.5 UACJ Corporation TiO 2 Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha Ltd. TiO 2 APS Japan Co., Ltd. TiO 2 TiO 2 UV-LED375 nm cm m 2 Grätzel, TiO 2 UV-LED nm 2 W Nichia Corporation TiO 2 HEPA HEPA H-11 Airclean Ltd g 64 g mm5.2 kg 32.7% mm 59.3% 3.2 kg 352 nm UV-LED UV 10 3,000 UV-LED 4 12, m 3 h -1 VOCFIS Inc. 1.0 µm PPD42NJ Shinyei Technology Co. LTD.

3 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , TiO2 UV-LED TiO2 UV-LED Video Photocatalysis

2904 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: 2901 2912, 2017 UV-LED TiO2 HEPA 2. 2 HEPA HEPA H-11 HEPA 1 0.

4 2904 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , 2017 UV-LED TiO2 HEPA 2. 2 HEPA HEPA H-11 HEPA % 6 UV-LED 375 nm 2 W Nichia Corporation TiO2 1 HEPA UV-LED HEPA JIS JIS R cm 2 1 mw 351 ± 2 nm 49.5 mm 99.5 mm 9.5 mm 5 ppm 1.56% 25 ± L min mm 99.5 mm 9.5 mm CH4 < 0.1 ppm GC-2014AFF, Shimadzu CorporationDaikoku, 2015 JFRL 1 m 3 92 L; Gastec Corporation 20 ppm UV-LED MDCK A/PR/8/1934 H1N1 Kurokawa et al., 1996; Furuta et al., 2002; Kurokawa et al., 2002; Furuta et al., 2005; Kurokawa et al., 2010; Daikoku, mg ml -1 L- 6% MEM; Nissui Pharmaceutical MDCK VDM 50 µg ml-1 diethylaminoethyl-dextran hydrochloride DEAED 0.1% BSA MEM MOI MDCK MDCK VGM 0.3 mg ml -1 L- 10 mm HEPES ph µg ml -1 DEAED 0.1% BSA 0.7 µg ml-1 TPCK Sigma-Aldrich MEM µl VDM 10 MDCK 0.7% 50 µg ml -1

5 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , VGM APS Japan Co., Ltd. TiO 2 Daikoku, µm PFU 14 ML cm 779 L 45 L RNA µm 47 mm Merck Millipore % 60% ml VDM 3 ml VDM 10 6 MDCK RNA Daikoku, ml VDM 45 L RNA High Pure Viral RNA Roche Diagnostics PFU MDCK 1 ml RNA 20 µl RNA Uni12 5 -agcgaaagcagg-3 ReverTra Ace qpcr RT Kit Toyobo Bio PCR µl PCR 5 -ctaatcagacatgagaacagaatggt-3 5 -ctagcctgactagcaacctccatg-3 M SYBR Premix Ex Taq II Tli RNaseH Plus; Takara Bio PCR RT-PCR 45L 45L 45L RNA cm 779 L 45 L 45 L 47 mm 0.45 µm VDM RNA VDM MDCK

6 2906 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , 2017 PCR PCR 40 PCR RT-PCR Takara Dice Takara RT-PCR Takara Bio PCR 5 20 ppm JIS R1701 JFRL 4 JIS 5 ppm CH 3CHO + 6OH + O 2 2CO 2 + 5H 2O 1 2 TiO cm 5 ppm µmol h µmol h -1 = 92.5% µmol h µmol h m ppm UV-LED ppm L PFU PFU 6 a 6 b ppm 4. TiO2 1 cm 2 1 mw 351 ± 2 nm 5 10 cm 1 cm RA RC QA 1 QC 1

7 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , ppm 5. 1 m 3 20 ppm UV-LED HEPA UV-LED TiO PFU 6 a 6 b RT-PCR RNA c 6 d RNA PT-PCR M 1 kb PT-PCR 116 bp M bp M RNA M RNA RNA 116 bp RNA e 6 f RNA 0 RNA RNA RNA RNA 2 5 RNA HEPA 5 ppm

8 2908 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , 2017 PFU PFU L L RT-PCR a b RNA b c((e) (f)) RNA a c c b d f 2 RNA RNA 6 e 6 f 0 100a b c d RT-PCR

9 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , /PFU /PFU WHO, 2016b 80 Daikoku, 2015 JEMA PM 2.5 JEM1467 TiO 2 UV-LED UV-LED TiO 2 HEPA 2 TiO µm Knight, 1980; Heyder, 1986; Isaacs and Martonen, 2005; Milton et al., 2013 Daikoku, RNA HEPA 3 PFU RNA PFU RNA 116 bp RNA RNA 77 RNA RNA Maness et al., 1999 RNA UV-LED HEPA

2910 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: 2901 2912, 2017 0 RNA 3 RNA + RNA >116 bp 7 RNA >116 bp RNA = 100(%) RNA = 443-575(%) 7.

10 2910 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , RNA 3 RNA + RNA >116 bp 7 RNA >116 bp RNA = 100(%) RNA = (%) 7. RNA 8 RNA RNA PFU RNA 3 RNA 1 6 e 6 f3 RNA PFU 1 220% 575% RT-PCR M 116 bp RNA RNA PFU 116 bp RNA 7 RNA RNA HEPA RNA RNA WHO, 2006; Hess et al., 2016; Nazaroff, 2016; Rohr and McDonald, 2016; Mukherjee and Agrawal, ppm Zhao and Yang, 2003; Hodgson et al., 2007; Mo et al., 2009; Tseng et al., 2010 Yu et al., 2006; Sekine et al., 2011; Ochiai et al., 2014; Del Curto et al., 2016; Costarramone et al., 2017

11 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: ,

12 2912 Shiraki et al., Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17: , 2017

17-05 THUNDERBIRD SYBR qpcr Mix (Code No. QPS-201, QPS-201T) TOYOBO CO., LTD. Life Science Department OSAKA JAPAN A4196K

17-05 THUNDERBIRD SYBR qpcr Mix (Code No. QPS-201, QPS-201T) TOYOBO CO., LTD. Life Science Department OSAKA JAPAN A4196K - 18 - [1] 1 [2] 2 [3] 3 [4] 5 [5] : RNA cdna 13 [6] 14 [7] 17 LightCycler TM Idaho