E-journal GEO 32(1): (2015)

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1 E-journal GEO Vol. 10(1) Cultural Vulnerability and Resilience for Preservation of Altaic Kazakh Horse-Riding Falconry along Western Mongolia SOMA Takuya (1) (2) (3) Traditional horse-riding falconry has been still practiced at a community of Altaic Kazakhs in Bayan-Ölgii Province in western Mongolia. However, eagle masters are now declining its population as well as traditional art and knowledge for taming and hunting due to massive cultural alteration by tourism. This research discusses vulnerability and resilience of preservation for Altaic Kazakh eagle falconry with reference to research results of ethnography and current social survey from long-term fieldwork. Eventually, cultural sustainability of Altaic Kazakh falconry needs to be supported from the angles of three theoretical frameworks; (1) Natural resource management, especially supporting the population of Golden Eagles, their potential prey animals, and their nesting environment (2) Sustainable development and improvement of animal herding productivity and herder s livelihood, (3) Cultural affairs for protection based on the concept of nature-guardianship in its cultural domain. The series of these sustaining procedures defines that eagle falconry is a hybrid culture which would not preserved only human actions, but also maintenance of animal herding livelihood as crucial social context. (TEK) Key words: Altai Mountains, Western Mongolia, Bayan-Ölgii Province, Golden Eagle, Intangible Cultural Heritage, Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) I (Баян-Өлгий Аймаг) 2014a; Soma 2015a 1a d 2a b Soma 2012a, 2013a; 2012a, 2013a (Бүркітщі)

2 1 Figure 1 Eagle Master (Burkutchu) of Altaic Kazakhs in Bayan-Ölgii Province 2 Figure 2 Golden Eagle for Eagle Falconry 1990 Bodio 2003 NHK (NHK) 2003, 2010,

3 (The Golden Eagle Festival/ Бүргэдийн наадам/ Бүркіт той) Soma 2012b; Soma and Battulga 2014 Historical and Ethnological Study of the Kazakhs of Mongolia Molodin et al. 2008: 30 UNESCO UNESCO (The Convention for Safeguarding Intangible Cultural Heritage) Revival, Preservation and Development of Folk Art and Traditional Crafts in the Altai Republic ( ) Oktyabrskaya et al. 2009: 130 (defense identity) González 2008: Soma 2012c, 2012d, 2013b; 2012b, 2013b UNESCO (1) 1 2 (2) II 101

2 (1) (2) (traditional art and knowledge: TAK) (traditional ecological knowledge: TEK) 2011 8 2013 1 (Сагсаи) 25 3 5-R S-16 18 300 (Тoлвo)

4 2 (1) (2) (traditional art and knowledge: TAK) (traditional ecological knowledge: TEK) (Сагсаи) R S (Тoлвo) (Алтаи) (Алтанцөгц) (Дэлүүн) (Ногооннуур) (Цэнгэл) (сұм) 3 Figure 3 Study Sites at Bayan-Ölgii Province 102

5 (малчин) III (1) 3 8 (қызыл жем) (2) 9 2 (ақ жем) 1/4 2/ Figure 4 Correlation between Horse-Riding Falconry and Nomadic Animal Herding 103

6 (1) S g 136.kg kg Soma 2015a, 2015b kg kg 90.5 kg g 2 (2) %(n=24) 1 (Mean S.E.) (g) % (n=11) n=4/2 3 n=5/3 n= (g)/ (g)/ (g) 89.7%(n=35) (g) ( g) ( g) 1 (47.6%) (kg) (kg) 22.9% 1 (Mean S.E.) (kg) (TLP) Soma, Buerkert, and Schlecht 2014 ( HHs ) 1 Table 1 Quantity and Frequency of Feeding for a Hunting Eagle (g) (Mean S.E.) % 10.3% 12.8% 5.1% 10.3% (Mean S.E.) % 7.7% 2.6% 104

3 Lg>201 Mg=101 200 Sg<100 10 Lg: 4.72 Mg: 4.49 Sg: 4.93 Lg: 78.3 Mg: 47.5 Sg: 15.2 5 100 200 40 45 2 (AAC) Lg: 21.7 Mg: 18.0 Sg: 13.0 15.6 Sg 86.0% 1 24.0 9.6 12.0 AAC 33.0 36.

7 3 Lg>201 Mg= Sg< Lg: 4.72 Mg: 4.49 Sg: 4.93 Lg: 78.3 Mg: 47.5 Sg: (AAC) Lg: 21.7 Mg: 18.0 Sg: Sg 86.0% AAC TLP / HHs 1 (Mg) (Sg) S-16 TLP b 9 HHs Sg 4 HHs 9 HHs Mg, 5 HHs Lg 1/3 5 Figure 5 Total Annual Consumption and New Born Livestock at each HHs (by Stratum) 105

8 b; Soma ( HP- A HP- I) 6a HP- A HP- G HP- H km 4 5 HP- A HP- I 20 km HP- A HP- G 390 m HP- A HP- I 450 m S-16 HP- I 5.7 km 4.5 km 6b (Caragana spp.) % n=44 60 HHs 2014b 10 km 4 IV 1. Harting 1871: 49 (socio-political patronage system) III I Bergstrom 1939:

6 Figure 6 Landscape of a Hunting Field of Agjal Mountain 16 18

9 6 Figure 6 Landscape of a Hunting Field of Agjal Mountain (enclosure movement) 19 Harting 1891: 216 Bibliotheca accipitraria (1891) 107

10 2. (TAK) (TEK) 74.0%(n=35) 26.0%(n=12) 1/4 4 S-16 S-16 S S S U T (1) 108

2008 1 5 10 1 500 1,000 KGS 1,500 3,000 5 10 2,500 10,000 KGS 7,500 30,000 (2) 9 1 (пұшпак томак) 7a 16

11 ,000 KGS 1,500 3, ,500 10,000 KGS 7,500 30,000 (2) 9 1 (пұшпак томак) 7a Soma 2013a (Castor fiber) (түлкі томак) 7b 40 C 7 Figure 7 Head Gears made with Fox-Fur Material 109

12 E-journal GEO 2015 Vol. 10(1) る者以上の親しみを感じているかつて多くの人々シ馴致の伝統知文化面出猟習慣の継続が社会が自然からの恵みに感謝したようにカザフ人たちはの総和として調和しなければならない図 8 キツネの毛皮によってアルタイの寒さをしのぎ畏敬 (C1) の念をもってキツネの生きざまを称賛してもいるカ該地に飼養するためのイヌワシそのものがいなけれザフ社会にとって切り離しがたい文化的心情が鷹狩ば騎馬鷹狩は成立しないそのためイヌワシの繁の文脈に深く根を下ろしたことが政治や法律に代わ殖と営巣環境の整備は絶対条件である現地でイヌワるパトロネージシステムとなりアルタイ地域で鷹シの生物学的な調査研究個体数繁殖率営巣地な狩が途絶えなかった理由になったと考えられるどは前例がないため同地域での継続的な調査研究生態環境面イヌワシの営巣環境の保全当と個体数把握が必要であるまたイヌワシの行き過ぎた取引や捕獲を制限する法整備の必要もある V 騎馬鷹狩文化の脆弱性とレジリエンス (C2) 1. 社会面牧畜生産性の向上 1 羽のイヌワシに費やす年間の給騎馬鷹狩文化の成立条件食肉量はヒツジ換算で 7 12 頭騎馬鷹狩文化は通常の無形文化遺産と異なり自然にも上るこのため各鷹匠世帯が意識して牧畜生産との高度な調和によって成り立っている前述のよう性を高めることは騎馬鷹狩文化の保全の必要条件でに物理的実践と伝統意識のみが鷹狩文化を存続さもあるまた牧畜生産力を高めることによる生活上せる唯一のドライビングフォースとはならないその経済的心理的負担の軽減も必要と考えられる牧自然環境畜による狩猟馬の育成と増加も後述の出猟習慣を容のため以下の 3 つの条件 (condition) (C1) 生態環境面イヌワシの営巣環境の保全 (C2) 畜社会社会面牧畜生産性の向上 (C3) Figure 8 牧イヌワ易にする条件となる (C3) 文化面出猟習慣の継続イヌワシ馴致と飼図 8 騎馬鷹狩文化の文化保護のための成因関係図 Correlation among Versatile Conditions for Protection of Horse-riding Falconry 110

13 TEK 2. 3 (R 1 R 3 ) (R 1 ) (R 2 ) TLP100 Sg 60.0% 65.9% b (R 3 ) (TAK/TEK) (Монголын Бүргэдчдийн Холбоо) 111

14 (Бүргэдчин Сан) (Алтан Бүргэд Клыб) VI (1) (C 1 ) (C 2 ) (C 3 ) (2) (3) (R 1 R 3 ) Dr. Andreas Bürkert Dr. Eva Schlecht a, 2013a; Soma 2012a, 2013a 2012b; Soma 2012d, 2014, 2015a, 2015b, 2015c 2013b 2014b, 2015; Soma, Buerkert, and Schlecht 2014 Soma 2012b, 2013b, Soma and Battulga Soma 2015a Soma 2015a: % Bergstrom, E.A English Game Laws and Colonial Food Shortages. The New England Quarterly 12(4): Bodio, S.J Eagle Dreams: Searching for Legends in 112

15 Wild Mongolia. USA, Lyons PR. González, M.V Intangible heritage tourism and identity. Tourism Management 29: Harting, J. E The Ornithology of Shakespeare. John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row: 49. Harting, J. E Bibliotheca Accipitraria. Bernard Quaritch: 216 Molodin, V.I., Mylnikov, V.P., & Oktyabrskaya, Irina V The Kazakhs of Northwestern Mongolia Everyday Life and Holidays in Summer Pastures. Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 35(3): Oktyabrskaya, I.V., Pavlova, E.Y., & Skovpen, Alexander V Modern Altai Craft. Archaeology Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 37(1): Soma, T. 2012a. Ethnoarhchaeology of horse-riding falconry, In The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2012: Official conference proceedings, Nagoya: The International Academic Forum (IAFOR). offprints/acss2012-offprints/acss2012_offprint_0271. pdf. Soma, T. 2012b. Contemporary falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia. In The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol.7. ed. A. Cummins, Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. ijih.org/volumemgr.ijih?cmd=volumeview&volno=7& manutype=02 Soma, T. 2012c. The art of horse-riding falconry by Altai- Kazakh falconers, In HERITAGE 2012 (vol.2): Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development, eds. R. Amoêda, S. Lira, and C. Pinheiro, Porto: Green Line Institute for Sustainable Development. Soma, T. 2012d. Intangible cultural heritage of arts and knowledge for coexisting with golden eagles: Ethnographic studies in horseback eagle-hunting of Altai-Kazakh falconers, In Proceedings of the International Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences Research, ed. G. Tchibozo, Strasbourg: Analytrics. analytrics.org/documents/hss_actes_proceedings_ 2012.pdf Soma, T. 2013a. Ethnoarchaeology of ancient falconry in East Asia, In The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2013: Official conference proceedings, Osaka: The International Academic Forum (IAFOR). org/offprints/accs2013-offprints/accs_2013_offprint_ 0108.pdf Soma, T. 2013b. Ethnographic study of Altaic Kazakh falconers. Falco: The newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41: falco/falco41.pdf Soma, T Eagle Hunters in Action: Hunting Practice of Altaic Kazakh Falconers in Western Mongolia, Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 44: Soma. T., Buerkert, A., and Schlecht, E Current Living Status and Social Use of Livestock in Nomadic Herders Communities in Western Mongolia, In Tropentag 2014: Book of Abstracts, 231. Prague: Czech University of Life Sciences Prague. Soma, T., and Battulga S Altai Kazakh falconry as heritage tourism : The Golden Eagle Festivals of western Mongolia. In The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol.9. ed. A. Cummins, Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. Soma, T. 2015a. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel Press, Germany (editorial from Ph.D. Thesis submitted to University of Kassel). Soma, T. 2015b. Tradition and Transition of Altaic Kazakh Eagle Falconry Culture in Western Mongolia, In Proceedings of Conference of International Falconry Festival 2014: (in press). Soma, T. 2015c. Falconer s Equipment and Folk Ornamentations of Altaic Kazakh Eagle Masters in the Altai Region of Mongolia. Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 45: (16): No16.pdf. 2012a b 32: a , 2013b = 35: a 2014 ID: b E- Journal GEO 9(1):

16 : (in press). (NHK) 2003 NHK :05 10:57 NHK-BS2 Television. (NHK) 2010 NHK :30 18:50 NHK-BS1 Television. (NHK) 2015 NHK :00 22:50 NHK (SOAS) Watercope Project Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel. NHK

2 SS1/SS GPS 1 2 GPS Human Ecology of Mongolian Nomads Ethology and Actograph Analysis in the Daily Grazing Activity in Bayan-Ölgii Province, We

2 SS1/SS GPS 1 2 GPS Human Ecology of Mongolian Nomads Ethology and Actograph Analysis in the Daily Grazing Activity in Bayan-Ölgii Province, We 2 SS1/SS2 GPS 1 2 GPS Human Ecology of Mongolian Nomads Ethology and Actograph Analysis in the Daily Grazing Activity in Bayan-Ölgii Province, Western Mongolia SOMA, Takuya Animal grazing activity of nomadic