2 SS1/SS GPS 1 2 GPS Human Ecology of Mongolian Nomads Ethology and Actograph Analysis in the Daily Grazing Activity in Bayan-Ölgii Province, We
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1 2 SS1/SS2 GPS 1 2 GPS Human Ecology of Mongolian Nomads Ethology and Actograph Analysis in the Daily Grazing Activity in Bayan-Ölgii Province, Western Mongolia SOMA, Takuya Animal grazing activity of nomadic people has been an unique subject for classical ethnological studies due to their ambiguity for free wondering attitude. This preliminary research aims at digitization and visualization of daily grazing activity by nomadic herders in western Mongolia. Daily grazing activity is becoming less active in these years nevertheless unidentified its detail. There are days of researches for observation of haerder s activities which is classified into categories, at two study sites (SS1 and SS2) at summer pasture in Bulgan County, southernmost Bayan-Ölgii Province. The methodology of this survey is (1) to create actograph based on ethogram and the time allocation method, mainly adopted for animal behaviour studies, of both herder s controlling action and sheep and goat flock (S/Gf) mobility in daily grazing by ethogram analysis, mainly used in zoological behavioral observation, and (2) to specify both herder and S/Gf mobility, actual grazing orbit, distance, range, and duration by GPS logger. The research results describes that Mongolian herders gave not so much interactions or control to S/Gf. Besides, the range and duration of mobility in daily grazing was shortened and rather work-saved in the context of contemporary local husbandry. This preliminary survey clarified two methodological utilities to specify; (1) efficient grazing ways and techniques with reference to actual behavioral actograph, and (2) current situation of overgrazing or grassland rotation by local herders. : Altai Mountains, Actogram, Ecological Anthropology, Transhumant Animal Herding, Western Mongolia 57
2 a Soma 2, 213, 215 Soma and Battulga b-c 2a-c TEK Fijn 211 5
3 a. SS1 b. SS1 c. SS2 d. SS2 GPS NDVI GIS NDVI emic GIS NDVI daily grazing 59
4 9 International Fund for Agricultural Development IFAD Watercope Project A Sino-Mongolian-German Research and Development Project T 1 T 3 Soma, Buerkert, and Schlecht d T 1 ethogram T 2 GPS T NDVI SS 1 2 SS1 2a b SS2 2c d SS1. Dont-Temult 2,6 m.a.s.l N/ E SS2. Hoshoot 2,737 m.a.s.l N/ E 2 SS1 2,6m SS2 2737m 2,5 3,1m HHs SS1 SS2 SS1 1 HHs HHs SS2 HHs 5 HHs 1 3 SS SS Marmota sibirica 6
5 32 3,119m 3 (m.a.s.l.) 2 SS2 2,3m 26 SS1 : 1: : 1: : 1: (h) GPS RM 1 RM UTC 7 RM 1 Ltl Acorn 621MC RM 2 RM 1 RM 3 GPS Garmin GPSmap62 SC daily orbit / 1 RM 5 1 GPS Hollux M-1 RM 3 1 GPS GoogleEarth TM Base- Camp TM Quantum GIS ver. 2.2 GIS 1 1 Grazing Inventory unit 1 sec unit unit 2 phase P1 P 1-2 P1 P2 P3 P 1 unit sec 15 61
6 Chas e 1.2. Follow 1.3. Chase/ Follow with Dismount 1.. Chase for Other Livestock 1.5. Care for Strayed One 2.1. Shout 2.2. Mouth Whistle 2.3. Finger Whistle 2.. Beep Sound 2.5. Whipping the horse 3.1. Stone 3.2. Rope 1.1. Sitting.2. Sleep.3. Stand-by.. Detached P1. Moving 75 P2. Moving & Eating 75 P3. Eating P. Resting P2 P3 unit P2 6 unit P3 6 unit unit 62
7 km min 6 29 SS SS * SS SS min km/h m , 2, ,6 2, ,9 2, * SS1 SS2 GPS 2 SS1 n 7 HHs SS2 n 5 HHs km SS1 1 SS SS2 SS1 2,6m SS2 2,737m 5m 3 SS1 SS2 2m SS2 63
8 9 km min 6 29 SS SS * 7 SS SS min km/h ** m ,71 3,2 2, ,6 3,17 2, , 2, ,95 2, ,36 2,57 *GPS ** mean S.E. GPS a b
9 SS1 6/ SS1 / SS2 7/ SS2 / unit F 3, P.9.5 N.S. F 15, P.22.5 N.S GPS 1 GPS GPS 15 1 Mean S.E km km 1.3.5km r.92 A/Sr SS1 7 HHs 2m 3 HHs 2 HHs HHs HHs m 2,9 3,1m a 65
10 9 (unit) a. [SS1: ] 2 : 9: 1: 11: : 13: 1: 15: : 17: 1: (h) b. [SS1: ] (unit) 2 : 9: 1: 11: : 13: 1: 15: : 17: 1: (h) 2 (unit) c. [SS2: ] 2 : 9: 1: 11: : 13: 1: 15: : 17: 1: (h) 2 (unit) 2 d. [SS2: ] : 9: 1: 11: : 13: 1: 15: : 17: 1: (h) 2 66
11 min / min /.1, A/Sr 1.6 1, 2unit / min b Mean S.E km SS2 5 HHs 1 1 2m 2,693 2,m SS1 5c ,213 unit / 22.1 min d min 67
12 9 SS1 (6/29) 26.6% 36.7% 3.3% 2.% SS2 (7/) 23.3% 19.% 7.2% 1.1% SS2 (/13).5% 3.7%.%.% P1: Move P2: Move & Eat P3: Eat P: Rest (unit) SS SS SS SS SS1 SS2 SS1 1,6 1,71m SS m 3,m km/h 1,71m P1 P P. 2 GPS A/Sr 5.km.7km/ h GPS P3 7.2 min P min 6
13 km/h 93m 2.67 P min 1 2 GPS SS1 SS : pp : p : pp : pp a : pp b 69
14 9 : pp c : pp d TEK load_main&upload_id=19 2a : pp b pp c national_26.html : pp GIS : pp NOAA/AVHRR : pp Natasha Fijn Living with Herds: Human-Animal Coexistence in Mongolia. UK, Cambridge University Press. Soma, Takuya. 2. Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia. The International Journal of Intangible Heritage 7. ed. A. Cummins, pp Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. Soma, Takuya Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers. Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 1: pp Soma, Takuya Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel Press, Kassel (Germany). Soma, Takuya. and Sukhee, Battulga. 21. Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: The Golden Eagle Festival of Western Mongolia, The International Journal of Intangible Heritage 9, edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. Soma, Takuya., Buerkert Andreas., and Schlecht, Eva. 21. Current Living Status and Social Use of Livestock in Nomadic Herders Communities in Western Mongolia, Tropentag 21 (17th-19th 21, Prague, Czech University of Life Sciences): p [ de/21/abstracts/links/schlecht_bbljzjc.pdf]. 7
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