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1 45 57 Masamichi HORI [ ] separation of infrastructure and operation open access

2

3 Öffnung von Fahrweg für Dritte open access European Union:EU essential facility

4 transit equal access equal footing wholesale/retail distinction Vergabe von Trassennutzungsrecht access charge

5 dues 1825 Stockton & Darlington Railway 2.5 haulage Deutsche Reichsbahn Gesellschaft:DRG DRG 10 Orient Express Wagons-Lit Lufthansa Airport Express Deutsche Bundesbahn:DB 1,000 DB 11 Euro Tunnel EU /440 EU /18 EU EU95/19 12 EU

6 EU EUEU 1988 Banverket Trassenpreis DB-Netz 1998 Infra Card 1,000km100km 500km Vario-Preis 2001 Grundpreis Produktfaktor Sonderfaktor

7 14 RPI Rail Regulator Railtrack 15 Réseau Ferré de France : RFF RFF National Railroad Passenger Corporation Amtrak shortterm avoidable cost compensation payment 1973 on-time performance incentive 1970 Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970 Surface Transportation Board : STB

8 VIA VIA Rail Canada Canadian National:CNCanadian Pacific:CP long-term variable cost VIA VIA 17 JR JR JRJR 18 JR JR JR JR JR JR 19 JR JR JR JR JR JR

9 1991 JR 1, JR JR JR JR JR 21 22

10 Mehr Verkehr auf die Schiene 23 [1988]15 34 [1987] [1989] Aberle und Hedderich[1993]S.15-26, Vgl. Essential Facility Doctrine essential facility[1997]33 46 [2001]45 59 Tye[1987]pp , Areeda[1990]pp , Gorinson[1990]pp [1998]83 85

11 EU Aberle und Hedderich[1993]S.15-26, Vgl. [2000] [2001]69 90 [1988] Rehbein und Ellwanger[1990]S , Vgl. 11 [1992] Commission of the European Communities [1991] [1995a] [1995b] cf. 13 Ellwanger [1990] S.15-19, Vgl., Ministry of Transport and Communications in Sweden [1992] pp.1-64,banverket [1994] pp.3-96, cf. 14 DBAG [1994], Aberle und Brenner[1994]S , DBAG [1998] S.1-12, [2002] Office of the Rail Regulator[1994]pp.1-43, cf. 16 [2002] [1985] 18 [2003] [2002]12 13 JR JR JR 21 [1991] [1999]45 23 DBAG[1994][1998]Vgl. [2001] [2002] 13 [1988] [2002] Spring 2002 No [2003] [1997] [2001] [2001]45 59 [1999] Vol.1 No.3 Winter [1985] VIA [1985] [1998] NTT

12 21 [1989] [2001] [2000] [2004] IATSS Review Vol.29 No [1992] [2002] [1991] [1988] Aberle, Geld und Hedderich, Alexander [1993] Umsetzung der Bahnstrukturreform - Diskriminierungsfreier Netzzugang bei den Eisenbahnen -, Internationales Verkehrswesen, Jg. 45, 1 und 2, S.15-26, 1993, 1/2. Aberle, Geld und Brenner, A. [1994] Trassenpreissystem der Deutsche Bahn AG - ein erste kartellrechtliche und ökonomische Beurteilung, Internationales Verkehrswesen, Jg. 46, 12, 1994, S Areeda, P. E. [1990] Essential Facilities : An epithet in need of limiting principles, Antitrust Law Journal, Vol.58, Issue 2, pp Banverket [1994] Investment Plan for Swedish Trunk Railways - Summary of Background and Contents -, Banverket. Böttger, Christian [2002] Das Insolvenzverfahren der Railtrack - Mögliche Lehren aus der Krise der britischen Eisenbahnprivatisierung -, Internationales Verkehrswesen, Jg. 54, 6/2002, S Brooks, Mary and Button, Kenneth [1995] Separating Transport Track from Operations : A Typology of International Experiences, International Journal of Transport Economics, Vol. 22, No. 3, October 1995, pp Commission of the European Communities [1991] Council Directive - on the Development of the Community's Railways, Official Journal of the European Communities. Commission of the European Communities [1995a] Council Directive on the Licensing of Railway Undertakings, Official Journal of the European Communities, 27, 6, 95, No L 143/70-143/74. Commission of the European Communities [1995b] Council Directive - on the Allocation of Railway Infrastructure Capacity and the Charging of Infrastructure Fees, Official Journal of the European Communities, 27, 6, 25, No L 143/75-143/78. Daubertshäuser, Klaus [2002] Bahnreform : Positive Zwischenbilanz motiviert für kraftvollen Endspurt, Internationales Verkehrswesen, Jg. 54, 6/2002, S DBAG [1994] Trassenpreise Personenverkehr und Güterverkehr, Deutsche Bahn AG. DBAG [1998] Mehr Verkehr auf die Schiene - Das neue Trassenpreissystem : TPS '98 -, Deutsche Bahn AG, Geschäftsbereich Netz. Ellwanger, Gunther [1990] Trennung von Netz und Betrieb bei den Eisenbahnen - Drei Nicht-EG-Länder sind weiter als die Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Internationales Verkehrswesen, Jg. 42, 1-2/1990, S Gorinson, S. M. [1990] Overview : Essential Facilities and Regulation, Antitrust Law Journal, Vol.58, pp Ministry of Transport and Communications in Sweden [1992] Traffic Charges Socio-Economic Conditions, Ministry of Transport and Communications in Sweden. Office of the Rail Regulator [1994] Framework for the Approval of Railtrack's Access Charges for Franchised Passenger Services - A Consultation Document -, Office of the Rail Regulator. Rehbein, E. und Ellwanger, G. [1990] Die Deutsche Reichsbahn-Gesellschaft - Eine Eisenbahn mit unternehmerischer Struktur, Die Bundesbahn, 9/1990, S

13 Tye, William [1987] Competitive Access : A Comparative Industry Approach to the Essential Facility Doctrine, Energy Law Journal, Vol. 8, pp

0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 2.8% 60.7% 83.7% 13.3% 30.0% 9.0% 4.7% 2.6% 59.1% 0.4% 81.8% 6.3% 8.7% 28.8% 7.0% km 81.8% 6.9% 15.6% 28.8% Deutsche Bundes

0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 2.8% 60.7% 83.7% 13.3% 30.0% 9.0% 4.7% 2.6% 59.1% 0.4% 81.8% 6.3% 8.7% 28.8% 7.0% km 81.8% 6.9% 15.6% 28.8% Deutsche Bundes 1km DBAG Andrea OBERMAUER 1 EU EU 2 2 1995 1 30.0% 2.8% 12 JR ÖPNV 1 JR 1 16.1% 1 km 024 Vol.1 No.3 1999 Winter 0.2% 0.1% 0.2% 2.8% 60.7% 83.7% 13.3% 30.0% 9.0% 4.7% 2.6% 59.1% 0.4% 81.8% 6.3% 8.7% 28.8%

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