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1 118 Science, 134, p15-21, ) 2) ) ( )

2 ) 5) 6) 7) ( ) ( ) (Xe H 2 O) 8,9) 10), Å Å

3 120 8,9) CHCl 3 17H 2 O Å( ) ( 3) CHCl 3 2Xe 17H 2 O 17 Å 1 12 Å Å 16

4 Å kcal/mole 17 Å 0.19 kcal/mol 11) W = 3 A B E A E B 2 G E A + E B ) A B E A E B ) 280 kcal/mole ar A R B /r 6 R A R B A B a 51 kcal/mole r Å ( 4 N/3 N ) 8Xe 46H 2 O Å Å 12

5 Å ( 10.16ml) ( 3.75ml) 9.1 kcal/mole Å ( ) 12 Å 0.16 kcal/mole 17 Å 0.20 kcal/mol 0 Xe H 2 O 8) 8.4 kcal/mole =9.4 kcal/mol mmhg X H 2 O X 17 H 2 O

6 n (C 4 H 9 ) 4 NF 32H 2 O Å 12.53Å -i- 13) { [(n-c 4 H 9 ) 3 S]F 20H 2 O [(i-c 5 H 11 ) 4 N]F 38H 2 O [(n-c 4 H 9 ) 4 P] 2 WO 4 64H 2 O} 14) CHCl 3 17H 2 O CHCl 3 2Xe 17H 2 O 17 Å 17Å 1 CHCl 2 CH 3 CF 2 Cl CHF = CF 2 CFCl 3 SF 6 17 Å ,15) 17 Å CHF 2 CH 3 2H 2 S 17H 2 O 2

8 mmhg ( ) 16) 7) 78% 12% 8% 20 4n ) (

9 126 CF 4 CF 4 Cl CF 3 Br CFCl 3 ( CF 3 CClBrH) (Mg(OH 2 ) ++ ) 17) 18) 19) 20) 21) Å 30 Å 30 Å 750

10 References and Notes 1. The work reported in this article (contribution No. 2697) is part of a program of investigation of the chemical basis of mental disease supported by grants to the California Institute oftechnology made by the Ford Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. This theory has been presented in lectures at Pacific State Hospital, California State Department of Mental Hygiene, Spadra (23 May 1960); at a meeting of the Western Society of University Anesthetists, Stanford Medical School, PaloAlto, Calif. (21 Jan. 1961); at a meeting of the Hawaii section of the American Chemical Society and Sigma Pi Sigma, University of Hawaii, Honolulu (5 Apr. 1961); and at a meeting of the Mediterranean section of the Societ 6 de Chimie Physique, Toulouse, France (25 Apr. 1961). 2. L. A. Jeffress, Ed., Cerebral Mechanismsin- Behavior (Wiley,New York,1951), especially sections by W. S. McCulloch. McCulloch(p. 101) suggests that there are three kinds of memory: (i) reverberatory memory; (ii) a kind of alteration of the nervous net with use; and (iii) a storage memory with a bottleneck both in putting information in and in taking it out. If the second and third are to be differentiated at all, I think that they may be classed together as involving permanent or semipermanent molecular patterns. 3. McCulloch (2,p.58) has reported an example of a man over 80 years old, and with no power of adding to his permanent memory,who held all the details of an important meeting of a board of directors in his mind during the 8 hours of its duration, so that he was able to summarize it brilliantly during the last half hour of the meeting; yet a few minutes after the meeting he had forgotten it completely and permanently. 4. R. W. Virtue and R. H. Weaver, Anesthesiology 13, 605 (1952). 5. A. R. Behnke, R. M. Thompson,E. P. Motley, Am. J. Physiol. 112, 554 (1935); A. R. Behnke and 0. D. Yarborough, U.S. Naval Med. Bull. 36, 542 (1938); E. M. Case and J. B. S. Haldane, J. Hyg. 41, 225 (1941). 6. J. H. Lawrence, W. F. Loomis, C. A. Tobias, F. H. Turpin, J. Physiol. 105, 197 (1946); S. C. Cullen and E. G. Gross, Science 113, 580 (1951). 7. J.Ferguson,Proc.Roy. Soc.London B127,387 (1939); Mecanismedela narcose, Colloq. intern. centre natl. recherche sci.paris(1951), p M. von Stackelbergetal., Fortschr. Mineral. 26, 122 (1947);, Naturwissenschaften 36, 327, 359 (1949);, ibid. 38, 456 (1951);, ibid. 39,20(1952);J. Chem. Phys. 19,1319(1951);Z. Elektrochem. 58, 25, 40, 99, 104, 162 (1954). 9. W. F. Claussen, J. Chem. Phys. 19, 259, 662, 1425 (1951). 10. L. PaulingandR. E. Marsh, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. 38, 112 (1952). 11. J. H. van der Waals and J. C. Platteeuv,Mol. Phys. 1,91(1958). Approximately the same value for the 12-A framework has been reportedbyr.m.barrerandw.i. Stuart[Proc. Roy. Soc. London A243, 172 (1957)].H.S.FrankandA.S. Quist [J. Chem. Phys. 34, 604 (1961)] have reported about kcal for the similar framework suggested in the theory of the structureofliquid waterproposed by L. Pauling and P. Pauling [L. Pauling, in Hydrogen Bonding, D. Hadzi,Ed.(PergamonPress,London, 1959), p. 1; The Nature of the ChemicalBond(CornellUniv.Press, Ithaca,N.Y.,ed. 3,1960),p.472]. 12. L. Pauling and M. Simonetta, J. Chem. Phys. 20, 29 (1952). 13. D.L.Fowler, W.V.Loebenstein, D.B.Pall, C.A.Kraus, J.Am.Chem. Soc. 62, 1140 (1940). 14. R. K. McMullanandG. A. Jeffrey, J.Chem.Phys.31,1231 (1959); G. A. Jeffrey and R. K. McMullan, American Crystallographic Association meeting, Washington, D.C., Jan J. G. Waller, Nature 186, 429 (1960). 16. H. H. Meyer, Arch. exptl. Pathol. harmakol. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg s 42, 109 (1899); E.Overton, Studien ujber die Narkose (Jena, Germany, 1901). 17. H.S.FrankandM.W.Evans,J.Chem. Phys.

11 128 13, 507 (1945); H. S. Frank andw. Y. Wen, DiscussionsFaraday Soc. No. 24 (1957), p. 133; H. S. Frank,Proc. RoySoc. LondonA247, 481 (1958). 18. I. M. KlotzandS. W. Luborsky, J. Am.Chem.Soc.81, 5119 (1959); R. M.Featherstone,C.A.Muehlbaecher, J. A. Forsaith, F. L. DeBon, Anesthesiology, in press (studies of the solubility of anesthetic gases in protein solutions). 19. C. Bernard, Legons sur les anesthe siques et sur l asphyxie (Paris, 1875). 20. For example, L. V. Heilbroun, M6canismedelanarcose, Colloq. intern. centre natl.recherche sci. Paris (1951), p. 163; F.H.Johnson, H. Eyring, M. J. Polissar, The Kinetic Basis of Molecular Biology (Wiley, New York, 1954). 21. J. E. Hearst and J. Vinograd, in preparation. 7 JULY

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